৪১তম বিসিএস ২০১৯ — ইংরেজী — 003 (WRITTEN)

৪১তম বিসিএস ২০১৯ — ইংরেজী — 003 (WRITTEN): 10টি প্রশ্ন।

• সব প্রশ্নপত্র

1. PART A

   Read the following passage and answer the question nos. 1–7 that follow:
   An influential group of scientists have recently warned that several climate tipping points are now imminent. The researchers, part of a group of more than 14000 scientists who have signed on an initiative declaring a worldwide climate emergency, said that governments had consistently failed to address the root cause of climate change: 'the overexploitation of the earth'. In a similar assessment in 2019, they noted an 'unprecedented surge' in climate-related disasters including flooding in South America and Southeast Asia, record shattering heatwaves and wildfires in Australia and the USA and devastating cyclones in Africa and South Asia. Of 31 'vital signs key metrics of planetary health that include greenhouse gas emissions, glacier thickness, sea-ice extent and deforestation-they found that 18 hit record highs or lows. For example, despite a dip in pollution linked to the pandemic, levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide and methane hit all-time highs in 2021. Greenland and Antarctica both have recently showed all-time low levels of ice mass, and glaciers are melting 31 percent faster than they did just 15 years ago, they said. Both ocean heat and global sea levels set new records since 2019, and the annual loss rate of the Brazilian Amazon reached a 12-year high in 2020. Echoing previous research, they said that forest degradation linked to fire, drought and logging was causing parts of the Brazilian Amazon to now act as the source of carbon, rather than absorb the gas from the atmosphere. Tim Lenton, director of the University of Exeter's Global systems Institute and study co-author, said the recent record-breaking heat waves in the Western United States and Canada showed that the climate had already begun to 'behave in shocking, unexpected way'. 'We need to respond to the evidence that we are hitting climate tipping points with equally urgent action to decarbonise the global economy and start restoring instead of destroying nature', he said. The researchers said there was 'mounting evidence that we are nearing or have already crossed a number of climate tipping points'. These include melting of the Greenland and West Antarctic ice sheets, which may now be irreversible on a centuries-long time scale regardless of how or if humankind slashes its emissions. They said increasing ocean deoxygenation and warming waters were threatening warm-water coral reefs, upon which half a billion people rely for food, income and storm protection. The study has been published in the journal Bioscience. The authors echoed previous call for transformative change in six areas elimination fossil fuels, slashing pollutants, restoring ecosystems, switching to plant-based diets, moving away from indefinite growth models, and stabilising the human population. They also called for climate change education to be included in school core curriculums globally in order to raise awareness. In the immediate term they proposed a trio of emergency responses to the climate emergency. These consisted of 'a significant carbon price', a global phase-out and ban of fossil fuels, and the development of strategic climate reserves such as restoring and maintaining carbon sinks and biodiversity hotspots. 'Policies to combat the climate crisis or any other symptoms should address their root cause: human overexploitation of the planet', said William Ripple, distinguished professor of ecology at Oregon State University's College of Forestry.১। Answer the following questions in your own words without copying any sentences from the passage above. \(3\times10=30\)
2. ১০। Translate the following passage into English: \(25\)
   যুদ্ধ, নিপীড়ন, সহিংসতা ও মানবাধিকার লঙ্ঘন থেকে বাঁচতে আজ সারাবিশ্বে ৮ কোটি ২০ লাখের বেশি মানুষ বাস্তুচ্যুত। বাস্তুচ্যুত মানুষের এ সংখ্যা বাংলাদেশের জনসংখ্যার প্রায় অর্ধেক। সারাবিশ্বে বাস্তুচ্যুতির প্রধান পাঁচটি উৎসদেশের একটি হচ্ছে মিয়ানমার। সেখান থেকে ২০১৭ সালে প্রায় ১০ লাখ রোহিঙ্গা জনগোষ্ঠী জোরপূর্বক বাস্তুচ্যুতির শিকার হয়ে বাংলাদেশে এসে আশ্রয় নিয়েছে। উদার মানবিকতার দৃষ্টান্ত হিসেবে বাংলাদেশ তখন এসব রোহিঙ্গা শরণার্থীকে কক্সবাজারে আশ্রয় দেয়। এই শরণার্থীরা তাদের নিজ দেশে ফিরে যেতে চায়; কিন্তু তাদের নিরাপত্তা, মর্যাদা এবং মিয়ানমারের নাগরিক হিসেবে তাদের অধিকার প্রতিষ্ঠা এসব কিছুই সম্ভব নয় আন্তর্জাতিক মহলের একটি সার্বিক উদ্যোগ ছাড়া। তার পূর্ব পর্যন্ত বাংলাদেশ তাদের সুরক্ষা, সহায়তা ও নিরাপত্তা দিয়ে যাচ্ছে। এরই অংশ হিসেবে ইতোমধ্যে নোয়াখালীর ভাসানচরে তাদের জন্য আধুনিক সুযোগ-সুবিধাসহ একটি স্বতন্ত্র আবাসস্থল নির্মাণ করা হয়েছে। সম্প্রতি রোহিঙ্গাদের একটি অংশ সেখানে স্থানান্তর করা হয়েছে। প্রত্যেক শরণার্থীর রয়েছে ব্যক্তিগত দুঃখকষ্ট, বঞ্চনা ও যন্ত্রণার ইতিহাস। বাংলাদেশে আশ্রিত এসব রোহিঙ্গা নিরন্তর সংগ্রাম করে যাচ্ছে মর্যাদা নিয়ে বেঁচে থাকতে। তারা আশাবাদী, একদিন তারা নিজ দেশ মিয়ানমারে ফিরে যেতে পারবে।
3. ২। Write the meanings of the following words/expressions in English using contextual clues (The words expressions are underlined in the passage): \(1\times5=5\)
4. ৩। Fill in the empty cells with appropriate words according to their parts of speech: \(1\times5=5\)
5. ৪। Give an antonym for each of the following words and make sentences with the antonyms: \(2\times5=10\)
6. ৫। Make sentences of your own with each of the following words and phrases (Copying of any sentences from the above passage must be avoided): \(2\times5=10\)
7. ৬। Summarize the passage in your own words (within 100 words). \(20\)
8. ৭। Write a letter to the editor of an English daily highlighting the worldwide dangers of the overexploitation of the Earth and its remedies. \(20\)
9. ৮। Write an essay in about 1000 words on any one of the following topics: \(50\)
10. ৯। Translate the following passage into Bangla: \(25\)
    Blue economy can play a significant role in eradication of poverty contributing to food and nutrition security, mitigation and adaptation of climate change, and generation of sustainable and inclusive livelihoods. Therefore, blue economy requires a balanced approach between conservation, development and utilization of marine and coastal eco-systems. All oceanic resources and services with a view to enhancing value and generates decent employment, and secures productive marine economy and healthy marine eco-systems. Primarily, blue economy should have adequate focus on well-being and livelihood of people. Secondly, engagements between countries and stakeholders on blue economy should be based on the principles of mutual trust and respect, equitable mutual benefit and sharing of benefits to secure sustained and beneficial outcome of all ocean-centric enterprises. It is needless to say that for most of the developing states, particularly for Bangladesh making transition to blue economy world, entail fundamental and systemic changes in their policy, management and governance frameworks. It will also necessitate the identification of various maritime economic functions. Because, maritime functions in the context of blue economy are not related to economic sectors only; they cover the relevant maritime value chains including backward and forward linkages.