Right Form of Verbs, Subjunctive, Causative and Subject-Verb Agreement — Primary Teacher
Right Form of Verbs, Subjunctive, Causative and Subject-Verb Agreement: ইংরেজি, Primary Teacher পাঠ ও 87টি প্রশ্নের অনুশীলন। পৃষ্ঠা 1/2।
এ অধ্যায়ের পাঠ্যসূচী
- Right Form of Verbs
- Tense Markers
- Present Indefinite-এর Marker
- Present Continuous-এর Marker
- Present Perfect-এর Marker
- Present Perfect Continuous-এর Marker
- Past Indefinite-এর Marker
- Past Continuous-এর Marker
- Past Perfect-এর Marker
- Future Tense-এর Marker
- Had better ও Would rather
- Modal Auxiliary-এর পরে Verb
- Do, Does ও Did-এর পরে Verb
- Wh-question-এ Verb Form
- It is time ও It is high time
- I wish ও Would that
- Too ... to
- So ... that ও So that
- As if ও As though
- Since-এর বিশেষ ব্যবহার
- No sooner, Scarcely ও Hardly
- Preposition-এর পরে Gerund
- যেসব Verb-এর পরে ing হয়
- Used to ও Be used to
- Lest-এর ব্যবহার
- Have, Has, Having, To be-এর পরে Participle
- How to-এর পরে Verb
- Infinitive ও Gerund নির্বাচন
- Causative Verbs
- Subjunctive Verbs
- Subject-Verb Agreement
- And দ্বারা যুক্ত Subject
- Each ও Every
- Indefinite Pronoun
- Either...or, Neither...nor
- Each of, Either of, Neither of
- One of
- As well as, with, along with
- Collective Noun
- গাণিতিক প্রকাশ
- দূরত্ব, ওজন, সময় ও অর্থ
- বিশেষ Plural ও Singular Noun
- Quantity Expression
- Fraction
- A number of ও The number of
- There ও Here
- Relative Pronoun
- Many ও Many a
- Gerund ও Infinitive Subject
- The + Adjective
- All of, Some of, Most of
- Person-এর ক্রম
Right Form of Verbs
বাক্যে Verb-এর সঠিক রূপ নির্বাচন
Right Form of Verbs বলতে বাক্যের Subject, Tense, Voice, Auxiliary Verb, Preposition, Conjunction এবং বিশেষ grammatical expression অনুযায়ী Verb-এর উপযুক্ত form নির্বাচনকে বোঝায়।
একই Verb কখনো Base Form, কখনো Past Form, কখনো Past Participle, আবার কখনো ing-form হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়। তাই শুধু অর্থ নয়, বাক্যের grammatical structure-ও লক্ষ্য করতে হয়।
একই Verb কখনো Base Form, কখনো Past Form, কখনো Past Participle, আবার কখনো ing-form হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়। তাই শুধু অর্থ নয়, বাক্যের grammatical structure-ও লক্ষ্য করতে হয়।
Tense Markers
কোন শব্দ দেখে কোন Tense বোঝা যায়
কিছু নির্দিষ্ট word বা phrase বাক্যে থাকলে সেগুলো Tense শনাক্ত করতে সাহায্য করে। এগুলোকে Tense Marker হিসেবে ব্যবহার করা যায়।
| Tense | প্রধান Marker |
|---|---|
| Present Indefinite | always, often, sometimes, every day, daily, regularly, usually, normally, occasionally, generally |
| Present Continuous | now, at this moment, at this time, at present, still, look, listen |
| Present Perfect | already, just, just now, yet, never, ever, lately, recently |
| Present Perfect Continuous | since, for |
| Past Indefinite | yesterday, last, last night, last week, last month, last year, ago, long ago, the previous day, once |
| Past Continuous | at that time, at that moment, while, when |
| Past Perfect | before, after |
| Future Indefinite | tomorrow, next, next day, next week, next month, next year, the following day |
| Future Perfect | by, by this time, by next month, by next year |
Present Indefinite-এর Marker
Always, often, sometimes, every day, daily, regularly, usually, normally, generally ইত্যাদি habitual word থাকলে সাধারণত Present Indefinite ব্যবহৃত হয়।
উদাহরণ—
We often fall a victim of circumstances.
He usually goes to school early.
উদাহরণ—
We often fall a victim of circumstances.
He usually goes to school early.
Present Continuous-এর Marker
Now, at this moment, at this time, at present, still ইত্যাদি থাকলে সাধারণত Present Continuous ব্যবহৃত হয়।
কোনো মুহূর্তে দৃশ্যমান ঘটনা দেখাতে Look বা Listen ব্যবহৃত হলেও পরের বাক্যে Present Continuous আসতে পারে।
উদাহরণ—
The sun is shining now.
Look! The boys are playing football.
কোনো মুহূর্তে দৃশ্যমান ঘটনা দেখাতে Look বা Listen ব্যবহৃত হলেও পরের বাক্যে Present Continuous আসতে পারে।
উদাহরণ—
The sun is shining now.
Look! The boys are playing football.
Present Perfect-এর Marker
Already, just, just now, yet, never, ever, lately, recently ইত্যাদি Present Perfect-এর গুরুত্বপূর্ণ marker।
উদাহরণ—
Have you finished the work yet?
He has already completed the task.
উদাহরণ—
Have you finished the work yet?
He has already completed the task.
Present Perfect Continuous-এর Marker
Since ও for দ্বারা কোনো কাজের সময়কাল বোঝানো হলে সাধারণত Present Perfect Continuous ব্যবহৃত হয়।
তবে যেসব Verb সাধারণত Continuous form গ্রহণ করে না, সেগুলোর ক্ষেত্রে Present Perfect ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে।
উদাহরণ—
We have known each other since 1995.
এখানে know সাধারণত Continuous form নেয় না।
তবে যেসব Verb সাধারণত Continuous form গ্রহণ করে না, সেগুলোর ক্ষেত্রে Present Perfect ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে।
উদাহরণ—
We have known each other since 1995.
এখানে know সাধারণত Continuous form নেয় না।
Past Indefinite-এর Marker
Yesterday, ago, long ago, last night, last week, last month, last year, the day before yesterday ইত্যাদি সাধারণত Past Indefinite নির্দেশ করে।
উদাহরণ—
He moved to London a few months ago.
He came to me the day before yesterday.
উদাহরণ—
He moved to London a few months ago.
He came to me the day before yesterday.
Past Continuous-এর Marker
At that time, at that moment, then ইত্যাদি Past Continuous-এর সাধারণ marker।
অতীতের দুটি চলমান বা সম্পর্কিত কাজ while বা when দ্বারা যুক্ত হলে একটি অংশ Past Continuous এবং অন্য অংশ Past Indefinite হতে পারে।
উদাহরণ—
We were watching the news when the telephone rang.
While-এর পরে Subject থাকলে অনেক ক্ষেত্রে Past Continuous ব্যবহৃত হয়।
While-এর পরে Subject না থেকে সরাসরি Verb থাকলে সেই Verb-এর সঙ্গে ing যুক্ত হয়।
উদাহরণ—
While walking in the garden, I saw a snake.
অতীতের দুটি চলমান বা সম্পর্কিত কাজ while বা when দ্বারা যুক্ত হলে একটি অংশ Past Continuous এবং অন্য অংশ Past Indefinite হতে পারে।
উদাহরণ—
We were watching the news when the telephone rang.
While-এর পরে Subject থাকলে অনেক ক্ষেত্রে Past Continuous ব্যবহৃত হয়।
While-এর পরে Subject না থেকে সরাসরি Verb থাকলে সেই Verb-এর সঙ্গে ing যুক্ত হয়।
উদাহরণ—
While walking in the garden, I saw a snake.
Past Perfect-এর Marker
অতীতে দুটি কাজ সংঘটিত হলে যে কাজটি আগে ঘটে সেটি Past Perfect এবং পরে ঘটে যাওয়া কাজটি Past Indefinite হয়।
Before থাকলে সাধারণত before-এর আগের অংশ Past Perfect।
After থাকলে সাধারণত after-এর পরের অংশ Past Perfect।
উদাহরণ—
We had attended the class before the teacher entered.
I reached the station after the train had left.
Before থাকলে সাধারণত before-এর আগের অংশ Past Perfect।
After থাকলে সাধারণত after-এর পরের অংশ Past Perfect।
উদাহরণ—
We had attended the class before the teacher entered.
I reached the station after the train had left.
Future Tense-এর Marker
Tomorrow, next, next week, next month, next year, in the days to come ইত্যাদি Future Indefinite নির্দেশ করে।
উদাহরণ—
She will come home tomorrow.
By this time, by next month, by next year জাতীয় expression থাকলে Future Perfect ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে।
উদাহরণ—
By next August, they will have completed ten years of marriage.
উদাহরণ—
She will come home tomorrow.
By this time, by next month, by next year জাতীয় expression থাকলে Future Perfect ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে।
উদাহরণ—
By next August, they will have completed ten years of marriage.
Had better ও Would rather
Had better এবং would rather-এর পরে Verb-এর Base Form ব্যবহৃত হয়।
Had better সাধারণত উপদেশ বা সতর্কতা প্রকাশ করে।
Would rather সাধারণত পছন্দ বা অগ্রাধিকার প্রকাশ করে।
উদাহরণ—
You had better stay at home.
You would rather stay at home.
দুটি বিকল্পের তুলনা করলে would rather-এর সঙ্গে than ব্যবহৃত হয়।
You would rather stay at home than go out.
Had better সাধারণত উপদেশ বা সতর্কতা প্রকাশ করে।
Would rather সাধারণত পছন্দ বা অগ্রাধিকার প্রকাশ করে।
উদাহরণ—
You had better stay at home.
You would rather stay at home.
দুটি বিকল্পের তুলনা করলে would rather-এর সঙ্গে than ব্যবহৃত হয়।
You would rather stay at home than go out.
Modal Auxiliary-এর পরে Verb
Can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would, ought to, have to, has to ইত্যাদি Modal বা Modal-জাতীয় Auxiliary-এর পরে সাধারণত Main Verb-এর Base Form ব্যবহৃত হয়।
উদাহরণ—
He can do the work.
কিন্তু Modal Auxiliary-এর পরে be থাকলে এবং বাক্য Passive হলে be-এর পরে Past Participle ব্যবহৃত হয়।
উদাহরণ—
The work can be done by him.
উদাহরণ—
He can do the work.
কিন্তু Modal Auxiliary-এর পরে be থাকলে এবং বাক্য Passive হলে be-এর পরে Past Participle ব্যবহৃত হয়।
উদাহরণ—
The work can be done by him.
Do, Does ও Did-এর পরে Verb
Present Indefinite বা Past Indefinite-এর প্রশ্ন ও Negative বাক্যে do, does বা did Auxiliary হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হলে Main Verb সবসময় Base Form-এ থাকে।
উদাহরণ—
Does he have a house?
Do they have a house?
Did he have a house?
He does not want this house.
He did not want this house.
Does বা did থাকলে Main Verb-এর সঙ্গে s, es বা Past Form ব্যবহার করা যাবে না।
উদাহরণ—
Does he have a house?
Do they have a house?
Did he have a house?
He does not want this house.
He did not want this house.
Does বা did থাকলে Main Verb-এর সঙ্গে s, es বা Past Form ব্যবহার করা যাবে না।
Wh-question-এ Verb Form
Wh-question-এ প্রথমে Wh-word, তারপর Tense অনুযায়ী Auxiliary Verb, এরপর Subject এবং Main Verb আসে।
গঠন—
Wh-word + Auxiliary + Subject + Main Verb
উদাহরণ—
What does he want?
What are they doing?
What do they do?
Past Indefinite-এর প্রশ্নে did থাকলে Main Verb Base Form-এ থাকবে।
সঠিক—
Where did he go?
গঠন—
Wh-word + Auxiliary + Subject + Main Verb
উদাহরণ—
What does he want?
What are they doing?
What do they do?
Past Indefinite-এর প্রশ্নে did থাকলে Main Verb Base Form-এ থাকবে।
সঠিক—
Where did he go?
It is time ও It is high time
It is time বা It is high time-এর পরে Subject থাকলে পরবর্তী Verb সাধারণত Past Form-এ হয়।
উদাহরণ—
It is high time you realized your mistakes.
কিন্তু এরপর Subject না থাকলে to + Base Form ব্যবহৃত হয়।
উদাহরণ—
It is high time to do the work.
উদাহরণ—
It is high time you realized your mistakes.
কিন্তু এরপর Subject না থাকলে to + Base Form ব্যবহৃত হয়।
উদাহরণ—
It is high time to do the work.
I wish ও Would that
I wish বা Would that-এর পরে to be Verb এলে সাধারণত were ব্যবহৃত হয়।
উদাহরণ—
I wish I were as tall as my brother.
অন্য Verb থাকলে অনেক ক্ষেত্রে could + Base Form ব্যবহৃত হয়।
উদাহরণ—
I wish I could fly in the sky.
উদাহরণ—
I wish I were as tall as my brother.
অন্য Verb থাকলে অনেক ক্ষেত্রে could + Base Form ব্যবহৃত হয়।
উদাহরণ—
I wish I could fly in the sky.
Too ... to
Too-এর পরে Adjective বা Adverb এবং পরে to + Base Form ব্যবহৃত হয়ে অক্ষমতা বা অতিরিক্ত মাত্রা বোঝাতে পারে।
গঠন—
too + Adjective/Adverb + to + Base Form
উদাহরণ—
He is too weak to walk.
গঠন—
too + Adjective/Adverb + to + Base Form
উদাহরণ—
He is too weak to walk.
So ... that এবং So that
So ... that সাধারণত ফলাফল প্রকাশ করে। মূল অংশ Present হলে that-clause-এ can not এবং মূল অংশ Past হলে could not ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে।
উদাহরণ—
The man is so ill that he cannot walk.
The man was so ill that he could not walk.
So that উদ্দেশ্য বোঝাতে ব্যবহৃত হলে Present main clause-এর সঙ্গে can এবং Past main clause-এর সঙ্গে could ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে।
উদাহরণ—
He studies hard so that he can pass the exam.
He studied hard so that he could pass the exam.
উদাহরণ—
The man is so ill that he cannot walk.
The man was so ill that he could not walk.
So that উদ্দেশ্য বোঝাতে ব্যবহৃত হলে Present main clause-এর সঙ্গে can এবং Past main clause-এর সঙ্গে could ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে।
উদাহরণ—
He studies hard so that he can pass the exam.
He studied hard so that he could pass the exam.
As if ও As though
As if বা as though দ্বারা অবাস্তব বা কল্পিত তুলনা বোঝালে Tense এক ধাপ Past-এর দিকে সরে যেতে পারে।
আগের অংশ Present Indefinite হলে পরের অংশ সাধারণত Past Indefinite।
আগের অংশ Past Indefinite হলে পরের অংশ Past Perfect হতে পারে।
উদাহরণ—
He talks as if he knew everything.
He talked as if he had known everything.
আগের অংশ Present Indefinite হলে পরের অংশ সাধারণত Past Indefinite।
আগের অংশ Past Indefinite হলে পরের অংশ Past Perfect হতে পারে।
উদাহরণ—
He talks as if he knew everything.
He talked as if he had known everything.
Since-এর বিশেষ ব্যবহার
Since দ্বারা দুটি clause যুক্ত হলে প্রথম clause Present Indefinite বা Present Perfect হলে since-এর পরের clause সাধারণত Past Indefinite হয়।
কিন্তু প্রথম clause Past Indefinite হলে since-এর পরের clause Past Perfect হতে পারে।
উদাহরণ—
Some days have passed since my father died.
Some days passed since my father had died.
কিন্তু প্রথম clause Past Indefinite হলে since-এর পরের clause Past Perfect হতে পারে।
উদাহরণ—
Some days have passed since my father died.
Some days passed since my father had died.
No sooner, Scarcely ও Hardly
No sooner had...than, Scarcely had...when এবং Hardly had...when গঠনে প্রথম clause Past Perfect এবং দ্বিতীয় clause Past Indefinite হয়।
গঠন—
No sooner had + Subject + Past Participle + than + Past Indefinite
Scarcely had + Subject + Past Participle + when + Past Indefinite
Hardly had + Subject + Past Participle + when + Past Indefinite
উদাহরণ—
No sooner had we reached the station than the train left.
Scarcely had we started when it began to rain.
Hardly had the train stopped when we got down.
গঠন—
No sooner had + Subject + Past Participle + than + Past Indefinite
Scarcely had + Subject + Past Participle + when + Past Indefinite
Hardly had + Subject + Past Participle + when + Past Indefinite
উদাহরণ—
No sooner had we reached the station than the train left.
Scarcely had we started when it began to rain.
Hardly had the train stopped when we got down.
Preposition-এর পরে Gerund
সাধারণত কোনো Preposition-এর পরে Verb এলে Verb-এর সঙ্গে ing যুক্ত হয়।
তবে infinitive marker হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত to-এর পরে Base Form হয়।
উদাহরণ—
He insisted on using quality materials.
I would like to leave this place.
তবে infinitive marker হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত to-এর পরে Base Form হয়।
উদাহরণ—
He insisted on using quality materials.
I would like to leave this place.
যেসব Verb বা Expression-এর পরে ing-form হয়
Mind, cannot help, could not help, with a view to, look forward to, get used to, worth, avoid, carry on, enjoy, feel like, finish, give up, stop, suggest ইত্যাদির পরে সাধারণত Verb + ing ব্যবহৃত হয়।
উদাহরণ—
I do not mind helping with the cooking.
I am looking forward to seeing you.
He went there with a view to seeing you.
They object to going there.
He gave up playing football.
The students did not stop talking.
উদাহরণ—
I do not mind helping with the cooking.
I am looking forward to seeing you.
He went there with a view to seeing you.
They object to going there.
He gave up playing football.
The students did not stop talking.
Used to ও Be used to
Used to অতীতের অভ্যাস বোঝালে এর পরে Base Form ব্যবহৃত হয়।
উদাহরণ—
He used to walk.
He used to smoke.
কিন্তু be used to বা get used to কোনো কিছুর সঙ্গে অভ্যস্ত হওয়া বোঝালে to এখানে Preposition হিসেবে কাজ করে এবং এর পরে Verb + ing হয়।
উদাহরণ—
He was used to walking.
উদাহরণ—
He used to walk.
He used to smoke.
কিন্তু be used to বা get used to কোনো কিছুর সঙ্গে অভ্যস্ত হওয়া বোঝালে to এখানে Preposition হিসেবে কাজ করে এবং এর পরে Verb + ing হয়।
উদাহরণ—
He was used to walking.
Lest-এর ব্যবহার
Lest নিজেই negative অর্থ বহন করে। তাই lest-এর পরে আলাদা not সাধারণত ব্যবহৃত হয় না।
Lest-এর clause-এ should বা might ব্যবহার করা যেতে পারে।
উদাহরণ—
He ran fast lest he should miss the train.
Keep watch on the baby lest the thief should steal it.
Lest-এর clause-এ should বা might ব্যবহার করা যেতে পারে।
উদাহরণ—
He ran fast lest he should miss the train.
Keep watch on the baby lest the thief should steal it.
Have, Has, Having ও To be-এর পরে Past Participle
Perfect construction এবং কিছু Passive structure-এ have, has, having বা to be-এর পরে Past Participle ব্যবহৃত হয়।
উদাহরণ—
Hasan has chosen the right path.
Having tried, Kamal went home.
Maliha wanted the movie to be watched.
উদাহরণ—
Hasan has chosen the right path.
Having tried, Kamal went home.
Maliha wanted the movie to be watched.
How to-এর পরে Verb
কোনো কাজ করার পদ্ধতি বোঝাতে how to ব্যবহৃত হলে to-এর পরে Verb-এর Base Form বসে।
উদাহরণ—
He did not know how to swim.
উদাহরণ—
He did not know how to swim.
Infinitive ও Gerund নির্বাচন
কিছু Verb-এর পরে সাধারণত to + Base Form ব্যবহৃত হয়।
যেমন—
agree, appear, ask, attempt, begin, decide, expect, fail, hope, intend, learn, like, manage, offer, prefer, pretend, propose, want ইত্যাদি।
উদাহরণ—
They would like to play cricket.
He intends to stay in the country for two months.
অন্যদিকে কিছু Verb-এর পরে সাধারণত ing-form ব্যবহৃত হয়।
যেমন—
avoid, carry on, enjoy, feel like, finish, give up, mind, stop, suggest ইত্যাদি।
যেমন—
agree, appear, ask, attempt, begin, decide, expect, fail, hope, intend, learn, like, manage, offer, prefer, pretend, propose, want ইত্যাদি।
উদাহরণ—
They would like to play cricket.
He intends to stay in the country for two months.
অন্যদিকে কিছু Verb-এর পরে সাধারণত ing-form ব্যবহৃত হয়।
যেমন—
avoid, carry on, enjoy, feel like, finish, give up, mind, stop, suggest ইত্যাদি।
Causative Verbs
অন্যকে দিয়ে কাজ করানো
যে Verb দ্বারা বোঝানো হয় Subject নিজে কাজটি না করে অন্য কাউকে দিয়ে করিয়েছে, তাকে Causative Verb বলা হয়।
প্রধান Causative Verb—
let, make, help, have, get।
Let, Make ও Help
Let ও make-এর পরে Object থাকলে সাধারণত পরবর্তী Verb Base Form-এ হয়।
উদাহরণ—
He made the children read the book.
My mother had me drink milk every day.
Help-এর পরে Base Form অথবা to + Base Form—উভয়ই ব্যবহার হতে পারে।
উদাহরণ—
He helped me carry the boxes.
He helped me to carry the boxes.
Have ও Get
কোনো বস্তু বা কাজ অন্যকে দিয়ে সম্পন্ন করানো বোঝালে have বা get-এর পরে Object + Past Participle ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে।
উদাহরণ—
I have the roof repaired.
I get the roof repaired.
কোনো ব্যক্তিকে দিয়ে কাজ করানো বোঝালে—
have + person + Base Form
get + person + to + Base Form
উদাহরণ—
I have Jamal repair the roof.
I get Jamal to repair the roof.
Causative Verb Past Tense-এ গেলেও পরের Verb-এর মূল pattern অপরিবর্তিত থাকে।
প্রধান Causative Verb—
let, make, help, have, get।
Let, Make ও Help
Let ও make-এর পরে Object থাকলে সাধারণত পরবর্তী Verb Base Form-এ হয়।
উদাহরণ—
He made the children read the book.
My mother had me drink milk every day.
Help-এর পরে Base Form অথবা to + Base Form—উভয়ই ব্যবহার হতে পারে।
উদাহরণ—
He helped me carry the boxes.
He helped me to carry the boxes.
Have ও Get
কোনো বস্তু বা কাজ অন্যকে দিয়ে সম্পন্ন করানো বোঝালে have বা get-এর পরে Object + Past Participle ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে।
উদাহরণ—
I have the roof repaired.
I get the roof repaired.
কোনো ব্যক্তিকে দিয়ে কাজ করানো বোঝালে—
have + person + Base Form
get + person + to + Base Form
উদাহরণ—
I have Jamal repair the roof.
I get Jamal to repair the roof.
Causative Verb Past Tense-এ গেলেও পরের Verb-এর মূল pattern অপরিবর্তিত থাকে।
Subjunctive Verbs
দাবি, পরামর্শ, অনুরোধ বা প্রয়োজন প্রকাশকারী Verb
কিছু Verb-এর পরে that-clause এলে that-clause-এর Verb সাধারণত Base Form-এ থাকে। এটিকে Subjunctive ব্যবহার বলা হয়।
গঠন—
Subject + Subjunctive Verb + that + Subject + Base Form
উদাহরণ—
We urge that he leave now.
Subjunctive অর্থে ব্যবহৃত গুরুত্বপূর্ণ Verb—
advise, ask, demand, order, prefer, recommend, require, suggest, insist, request, propose, urge, stipulate, move, command, decree ইত্যাদি।
যদি that-clause না থাকে এবং Object সরাসরি থাকে, তখন অনেক ক্ষেত্রে to + Base Form ব্যবহৃত হয়।
উদাহরণ—
We urge him to leave now.
Impersonal expression-এর ক্ষেত্রেও Base Form ব্যবহৃত হয়।
গঠন—
It + be + Adjective + that + Subject + Base Form
প্রধান Adjective—
advised, necessary, recommended, urgent, important, mandatory, proposed, suggested, imperative, obligatory।
উদাহরণ—
It was important that you remember the question.
It was urgent that she leave at once.
গঠন—
Subject + Subjunctive Verb + that + Subject + Base Form
উদাহরণ—
We urge that he leave now.
Subjunctive অর্থে ব্যবহৃত গুরুত্বপূর্ণ Verb—
advise, ask, demand, order, prefer, recommend, require, suggest, insist, request, propose, urge, stipulate, move, command, decree ইত্যাদি।
যদি that-clause না থাকে এবং Object সরাসরি থাকে, তখন অনেক ক্ষেত্রে to + Base Form ব্যবহৃত হয়।
উদাহরণ—
We urge him to leave now.
Impersonal expression-এর ক্ষেত্রেও Base Form ব্যবহৃত হয়।
গঠন—
It + be + Adjective + that + Subject + Base Form
প্রধান Adjective—
advised, necessary, recommended, urgent, important, mandatory, proposed, suggested, imperative, obligatory।
উদাহরণ—
It was important that you remember the question.
It was urgent that she leave at once.
Subject-Verb Agreement
Subject অনুযায়ী Verb-এর Number ও Person
Subject-Verb Agreement-এর সাধারণ নিয়ম হলো—Subject Singular হলে Verb Singular এবং Subject Plural হলে Verb Plural হয়।
উদাহরণ—
I am taking preparation.
He is taking preparation.
You are taking preparation.
They are taking preparation.
You দেখতে Singular ও Plural উভয় হলেও Verb-এর ক্ষেত্রে সাধারণত Plural form গ্রহণ করে।
উদাহরণ—
I am taking preparation.
He is taking preparation.
You are taking preparation.
They are taking preparation.
You দেখতে Singular ও Plural উভয় হলেও Verb-এর ক্ষেত্রে সাধারণত Plural form গ্রহণ করে।
And দ্বারা যুক্ত Subject
দুটি Singular বা Plural Subject and দ্বারা যুক্ত হলে সাধারণত Verb Plural হয়।
উদাহরণ—
He and I are doing the work.
Rahim and Karim are two friends.
তবে and দ্বারা যুক্ত দুটি Noun একই ব্যক্তি, বস্তু বা একই একক ধারণা প্রকাশ করলে Verb Singular হতে পারে।
উদাহরণ—
Bread and butter is my favourite breakfast.
Slow and steady wins the race.
দুটি designation একই ব্যক্তিকে বোঝালে Article-এর ব্যবহার থেকেও বিষয়টি বোঝা যায়।
The headmaster and secretary was present.
The headmaster and the secretary were present.
উদাহরণ—
He and I are doing the work.
Rahim and Karim are two friends.
তবে and দ্বারা যুক্ত দুটি Noun একই ব্যক্তি, বস্তু বা একই একক ধারণা প্রকাশ করলে Verb Singular হতে পারে।
উদাহরণ—
Bread and butter is my favourite breakfast.
Slow and steady wins the race.
দুটি designation একই ব্যক্তিকে বোঝালে Article-এর ব্যবহার থেকেও বিষয়টি বোঝা যায়।
The headmaster and secretary was present.
The headmaster and the secretary were present.
Each ও Every যুক্ত Subject
And দ্বারা একাধিক Subject যুক্ত হলেও যদি Each বা Every প্রত্যেক Subject-এর আগে থাকে, Verb Singular হয়।
উদাহরণ—
Each boy and girl is present today.
Each boy and each girl is present today.
Every man and woman is present today.
Every man, woman and child is present at the festival.
উদাহরণ—
Each boy and girl is present today.
Each boy and each girl is present today.
Every man and woman is present today.
Every man, woman and child is present at the festival.
Indefinite Pronoun-এর সঙ্গে Verb
Everybody, everyone, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nobody, no one, none, nothing, something, anything ইত্যাদি Subject হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হলে সাধারণত Singular Verb হয়।
উদাহরণ—
Everybody loves an honest man.
Nobody believes a liar.
Someone has stolen my pen.
Something is better than nothing.
Anything can happen.
উদাহরণ—
Everybody loves an honest man.
Nobody believes a liar.
Someone has stolen my pen.
Something is better than nothing.
Anything can happen.
Or, Either...or, Neither...nor, Not only...but also
দুটি Subject or, either...or, neither...nor, not...but বা not only...but also দ্বারা যুক্ত হলে Verb সাধারণত নিকটবর্তী Subject অনুযায়ী হয়।
শেষ Subject Singular হলে Verb Singular এবং শেষ Subject Plural হলে Verb Plural।
উদাহরণ—
He or his brother has done the work.
He or his brothers have done the work.
Neither he nor his brother has done the work.
Neither he nor his brothers have done the work.
Not Rahim but Karim is responsible.
Not only Rahim but also his friends are responsible.
তবে both...and হলে Verb Plural হয়।
Both he and I are present today.
শেষ Subject Singular হলে Verb Singular এবং শেষ Subject Plural হলে Verb Plural।
উদাহরণ—
He or his brother has done the work.
He or his brothers have done the work.
Neither he nor his brother has done the work.
Neither he nor his brothers have done the work.
Not Rahim but Karim is responsible.
Not only Rahim but also his friends are responsible.
তবে both...and হলে Verb Plural হয়।
Both he and I are present today.
Each of, Either of ও Neither of
Each of, either of বা neither of-এর পরে Plural Noun বা Pronoun থাকলেও Verb Singular হয়।
উদাহরণ—
Neither of the students has done this.
Either of the students was present.
Neither of these two women is to be trusted.
উদাহরণ—
Neither of the students has done this.
Either of the students was present.
Neither of these two women is to be trusted.
One of
One of-এর পরে Plural Noun বা Pronoun ব্যবহৃত হলেও মূল Subject one হওয়ায় Verb Singular হয়।
উদাহরণ—
One of the students gets full marks every time.
One of my friends is a lawyer.
উদাহরণ—
One of the students gets full marks every time.
One of my friends is a lawyer.
As well as, with, along with, together with
As well as, in addition to, with, along with, together with ইত্যাদি দ্বারা অতিরিক্ত Noun যুক্ত হলেও Verb প্রথম Subject অনুযায়ী হয়।
উদাহরণ—
Rahim together with his friends is going to college.
The father with his three sons has left the place.
He as well as his brother is a skilful diver.
উদাহরণ—
Rahim together with his friends is going to college.
The father with his three sons has left the place.
He as well as his brother is a skilful diver.
Collective Noun-এর সঙ্গে Verb
Collective Noun দ্বারা পুরো দলকে একটি একক unit হিসেবে বোঝালে Verb Singular হয়।
উদাহরণ—
The jury has ordered the action.
The committee has approved the proposal.
কিন্তু সদস্যদের পৃথক মত বা আচরণ বোঝালে Verb Plural হতে পারে।
উদাহরণ—
The jury are divided in their opinions.
The committee were divided in their opinions.
উদাহরণ—
The jury has ordered the action.
The committee has approved the proposal.
কিন্তু সদস্যদের পৃথক মত বা আচরণ বোঝালে Verb Plural হতে পারে।
উদাহরণ—
The jury are divided in their opinions.
The committee were divided in their opinions.
গাণিতিক প্রকাশে Verb
গাণিতিক যোগ, বিয়োগ, গুণ বা ভাগকে একটি ফল বা একক হিসাব হিসেবে বোঝালে Verb সাধারণত Singular হয়।
উদাহরণ—
Two and two makes four.
Five plus ten is fifteen.
Twenty minus three is seventeen.
উদাহরণ—
Two and two makes four.
Five plus ten is fifteen.
Twenty minus three is seventeen.
দূরত্ব, ওজন, সময় ও অর্থ
কোনো Subject দেখতে Plural হলেও যদি নির্দিষ্ট দূরত্ব, ওজন, সময় বা অর্থকে একটি একক পরিমাণ হিসেবে বোঝায়, Verb Singular হয়।
উদাহরণ—
Ten miles is a long distance.
Three kilograms is not a heavy weight.
Two thousand dollars is a large amount of money.
উদাহরণ—
Ten miles is a long distance.
Three kilograms is not a heavy weight.
Two thousand dollars is a large amount of money.
বিশেষ Plural ও Singular Noun
কিছু Noun দেখতে Singular হলেও অর্থে Plural এবং তাই Plural Verb গ্রহণ করে।
যেমন—
cattle, people, poultry, peasantry, gentry ইত্যাদি।
উদাহরণ—
Cattle are grazing in the field.
People are praying for prosperity.
আবার কিছু Noun দেখতে Plural হলেও অর্থে Singular এবং Singular Verb গ্রহণ করে।
যেমন—
news, mathematics, physics, politics ইত্যাদি।
উদাহরণ—
Good news is expected.
Physics is my favourite subject.
যেমন—
cattle, people, poultry, peasantry, gentry ইত্যাদি।
উদাহরণ—
Cattle are grazing in the field.
People are praying for prosperity.
আবার কিছু Noun দেখতে Plural হলেও অর্থে Singular এবং Singular Verb গ্রহণ করে।
যেমন—
news, mathematics, physics, politics ইত্যাদি।
উদাহরণ—
Good news is expected.
Physics is my favourite subject.
Quantity Expression
Pair, dozen, hundred, thousand ইত্যাদির আগে নির্দিষ্ট সংখ্যা বা determiner থাকলে পুরো expression-কে একটি unit হিসেবে ধরে Verb Singular হতে পারে।
উদাহরণ—
A pair of shoes was bought for him.
A dozen of poems was distributed.
Amount, quantity ইত্যাদির পরে Uncountable Noun থাকলে Verb সাধারণত Singular হয়।
উদাহরণ—
A lot of money was spent.
A huge quantity of sugar was expected.
উদাহরণ—
A pair of shoes was bought for him.
A dozen of poems was distributed.
Amount, quantity ইত্যাদির পরে Uncountable Noun থাকলে Verb সাধারণত Singular হয়।
উদাহরণ—
A lot of money was spent.
A huge quantity of sugar was expected.
Fraction-এর সঙ্গে Verb
Fraction-এর পরে যে Noun থাকে Verb সেই Noun-এর Number অনুযায়ী হয়।
উদাহরণ—
One-third of the work is done.
One-third of the students are absent.
Two-thirds of the work is done.
Two-thirds of the students are absent.
Fraction-এর numerator একের বেশি হলে denominator সাধারণত Plural হয়।
যেমন—
one-third
two-thirds
three-fifths
উদাহরণ—
One-third of the work is done.
One-third of the students are absent.
Two-thirds of the work is done.
Two-thirds of the students are absent.
Fraction-এর numerator একের বেশি হলে denominator সাধারণত Plural হয়।
যেমন—
one-third
two-thirds
three-fifths
A number of ও The number of
A number of-এর পরে Plural Noun এবং Plural Verb ব্যবহৃত হয়।
উদাহরণ—
A number of students are present today.
The number of-এর পরে Noun Plural হলেও Verb Singular হয়, কারণ Subject হলো number।
উদাহরণ—
The number of students is increasing.
A good number of, a large number of, a great number of-ও সাধারণত A number of-এর নিয়ম অনুসরণ করে।
The good number of, the large number of জাতীয় structure-এ মূল Subject number হওয়ায় Verb Singular হতে পারে।
উদাহরণ—
A number of students are present today.
The number of-এর পরে Noun Plural হলেও Verb Singular হয়, কারণ Subject হলো number।
উদাহরণ—
The number of students is increasing.
A good number of, a large number of, a great number of-ও সাধারণত A number of-এর নিয়ম অনুসরণ করে।
The good number of, the large number of জাতীয় structure-এ মূল Subject number হওয়ায় Verb Singular হতে পারে।
There ও Here-এর সঙ্গে Verb
There বা Here দিয়ে বাক্য শুরু হলে Verb-এর পরে যে প্রকৃত Noun আসে, Verb সাধারণত সেই Noun-এর Number অনুযায়ী হয়।
উদাহরণ—
There was a problem.
Here is the information.
পরবর্তী Noun Plural হলে Verb Plural হতে পারে।
উদাহরণ—
There are many students in the field.
উদাহরণ—
There was a problem.
Here is the information.
পরবর্তী Noun Plural হলে Verb Plural হতে পারে।
উদাহরণ—
There are many students in the field.
Relative Pronoun-এর সঙ্গে Verb
Relative Pronoun-এর পরে Verb তার antecedent বা পূর্ববর্তী Subject অনুযায়ী Singular বা Plural হয়।
Antecedent Singular হলে Verb Singular এবং antecedent Plural হলে Verb Plural।
উদাহরণ—
It is I who am your brother.
They are the players who have a team.
You are the man who have always troubled me.
Antecedent Singular হলে Verb Singular এবং antecedent Plural হলে Verb Plural।
উদাহরণ—
It is I who am your brother.
They are the players who have a team.
You are the man who have always troubled me.
One-এর Possessive Form
Indefinite Pronoun হিসেবে one Subject হলে তার Possessive Form হিসেবে one's ব্যবহৃত হয়।
উদাহরণ—
One should be careful about one's duty.
উদাহরণ—
One should be careful about one's duty.
Indefinite Pronoun-এর Possessive Agreement
Everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, no one, nobody ইত্যাদি Singular Indefinite Pronoun হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হলে ঐতিহ্যগত grammatical pattern-এ Singular Possessive ব্যবহৃত হয়।
উদাহরণ—
Everyone should respect his teacher.
উদাহরণ—
Everyone should respect his teacher.
Many ও Many a
Many-এর পরে Plural Noun এবং Plural Verb ব্যবহৃত হয়।
উদাহরণ—
Many boys are playing cricket.
কিন্তু many a-এর পরে Singular Noun এবং Singular Verb ব্যবহৃত হয়।
উদাহরণ—
Many a boy is playing cricket.
উদাহরণ—
Many boys are playing cricket.
কিন্তু many a-এর পরে Singular Noun এবং Singular Verb ব্যবহৃত হয়।
উদাহরণ—
Many a boy is playing cricket.
Gerund ও Infinitive Subject হিসেবে
Infinitive অথবা Gerund যদি বাক্যের Subject হয়, সাধারণত Verb Singular হয়।
উদাহরণ—
To swim is a good exercise.
Running is good for health.
উদাহরণ—
To swim is a good exercise.
Running is good for health.
The + Adjective
কিছু Adjective-এর আগে the বসলে সেটি একটি শ্রেণির সকল মানুষকে বোঝায় এবং Plural Common Noun-এর অর্থ প্রকাশ করে। তাই Verb Plural হয়।
যেমন—
the poor
the rich
the brave
the virtuous
the pious
উদাহরণ—
The poor are not always unhappy.
The rich are not always happy.
The brave always succeed in life.
যেমন—
the poor
the rich
the brave
the virtuous
the pious
উদাহরণ—
The poor are not always unhappy.
The rich are not always happy.
The brave always succeed in life.
All of, Some of, More of, Most of, The rest of
All of, some of, more of, most of, the rest of-এর পরে Uncountable Noun থাকলে Verb Singular হয়।
উদাহরণ—
Some of the water is pure.
কিন্তু Countable Plural Noun থাকলে Verb Plural হয়।
উদাহরণ—
Some of the employees have returned to work.
উদাহরণ—
Some of the water is pure.
কিন্তু Countable Plural Noun থাকলে Verb Plural হয়।
উদাহরণ—
Some of the employees have returned to work.
Person-এর ক্রম
একই বাক্যের Subject-এ First Person, Second Person এবং Third Person একসঙ্গে থাকলে সাধারণ বক্তব্যে প্রচলিত ক্রম হলো—
Second Person + Third Person + First Person
অর্থাৎ— \(2,3,1\)
উদাহরণ—
You, he and I are going to college.
কিন্তু অপরাধ বা দোষ স্বীকারের ক্ষেত্রে ভদ্রতার কারণে First Person আগে আসতে পারে। সে ক্ষেত্রে ক্রম হতে পারে—
First Person + Second Person + Third Person
অর্থাৎ— \(1,2,3\)
উদাহরণ—
I, you and he are guilty.
Second Person + Third Person + First Person
অর্থাৎ— \(2,3,1\)
উদাহরণ—
You, he and I are going to college.
কিন্তু অপরাধ বা দোষ স্বীকারের ক্ষেত্রে ভদ্রতার কারণে First Person আগে আসতে পারে। সে ক্ষেত্রে ক্রম হতে পারে—
First Person + Second Person + Third Person
অর্থাৎ— \(1,2,3\)
উদাহরণ—
I, you and he are guilty.
পরীক্ষার জন্য দ্রুত Revision
Present Indefinite → habitual marker + Base Form, Third Person Singular হলে s বা es
Present Continuous → am/is/are + Verb + ing
Present Perfect → have/has + Past Participle
Past Indefinite → Past Form
Past Continuous → was/were + Verb + ing
Past Perfect → had + Past Participle
Future Indefinite → shall/will + Base Form
Future Perfect → shall have/will have + Past Participle
Modal Auxiliary-এর পরে → Base Form
Do/Does/Did-এর পরে → Base Form
Preposition-এর পরে → Verb + ing
Had better/Would rather-এর পরে → Base Form
Used to-এর পরে → Base Form
Be used to/Get used to-এর পরে → Verb + ing
No sooner-এর সঙ্গে → than
Scarcely/Hardly-এর সঙ্গে → when
Each/Every/One of → Singular Verb
A number of → Plural Verb
The number of → Singular Verb
The + Adjective → Plural Verb
Gerund/Infinitive Subject → Singular Verb
Present Continuous → am/is/are + Verb + ing
Present Perfect → have/has + Past Participle
Past Indefinite → Past Form
Past Continuous → was/were + Verb + ing
Past Perfect → had + Past Participle
Future Indefinite → shall/will + Base Form
Future Perfect → shall have/will have + Past Participle
Modal Auxiliary-এর পরে → Base Form
Do/Does/Did-এর পরে → Base Form
Preposition-এর পরে → Verb + ing
Had better/Would rather-এর পরে → Base Form
Used to-এর পরে → Base Form
Be used to/Get used to-এর পরে → Verb + ing
No sooner-এর সঙ্গে → than
Scarcely/Hardly-এর সঙ্গে → when
Each/Every/One of → Singular Verb
A number of → Plural Verb
The number of → Singular Verb
The + Adjective → Plural Verb
Gerund/Infinitive Subject → Singular Verb
- He had written the book before he —
- retired
- had retired
- has retired
- will be retired
- The prices of rice are —
- raising
- risen
- rising
- raised
- He has been ill — Friday.
- from
- on
- in
- since
- She told me his name after he —
- left
- had left
- has left
- has been left
- Choose the correct option: Even as harvesting was going on —
- the rainy season began
- the rainy season was began
- the rainy season had began
- the rainy season begins
- Choose the correct tense—
- Javed was so exhausted that he lain down for a sleep.
- Javed was so exhausted that he had laid down for a sleep.
- Javed was so exhausted that he was lying down for a sleep.
- Javed was so exhausted that he will lay down for a sleep.
- The path — paved, so we were able to walk through the path.
- was
- had been
- has been
- being
- Arif — before I came.
- left
- will leave
- had left
- would leave
- Which one is correct?
- Why you have done this?
- Why did you have done this?
- Why have you done this?
- Why you had done this?
- Choose the correct sentence—
- He lives here for five months.
- He has been living here for five months.
- He is living here for five months.
- He lived here for five months.
- There was a big celebration after my friend —
- arrives
- had arrived
- arrival
- none of these
- The examination — before I reached the Hall.
- has started
- did start
- had started
- had been started
- Choose the correct tense.
- I had finished the book yesterday.
- I was finishing the book yesterday.
- I have finished the book yesterday.
- I finished the book yesterday.
- Which of the following sentences is not correct?
- She doesn’t attend class regularly.
- They don’t attend class regularly.
- She don’t attend class regularly.
- They will attend class regularly.
- I — before Mr. Rahman went to my office.
- have arrived
- had arrived
- is arrived
- would arrived
- I — him only one letter up to just now.
- sent
- have sent
- shall send
- had sent
- By the middle of the twenty first century, the computer — a necessity in every home.
- become
- becoming
- has become
- will have become
- Choose the correct sentence:
- Did they wrote books?
- Did they write books?
- Did they writing books?
- Did they have written books?
- I — here since 1980.
- live
- am living
- have been living
- lived
- My friend — before I came.
- would be leaving
- had been leaving
- had left
- will leave
- Choose the correct sentence—
- He has been working in the factory for six months.
- He is working in the factory for six months.
- He has been working with the factory for six months.
- He was working in the factory for six months.
- Choose the correct sentence—
- We shall reach the station before the train leaves the station.
- We will have reached the station before the train leaves the station.
- We reach the station before the train leaves.
- We shall have reached the station before the train leaves the station.
- He — abroad for ten years before he settled down in Bangladesh.
- has worked
- had worked
- worked
- would work
- I still feel every weak — in the morning.
- when I wake up
- as I wake up
- when I will wake up
- while I wake up
- Choose the correct tense: Bijoy went to bed after he — lesson.
- learnt
- have learnt
- learning
- had learnt
- By the time he arrives, we — our home work.
- finish
- will finish
- finished
- will have finished
- I opened the door as soon as I — the bell.
- have heard
- was hearing
- can heard
- heard
- I am tired. I — to bed now. Good night.
- will go
- am going
- go
- going
- Why — return the money?
- you did not
- you
- did you not
- you didn’t
- He had been at the orphanage — he was four.
- only
- since
- due to
- during
- Did you buy any fruit when you — shopping?
- go
- gone
- were going
- went
- When I looked out of the window, —
- it was raining
- it were raining
- it rained
- it’s raining
- Choose the correct sentence:
- I’ve never be to America.
- I never been to America.
- I’ve never been to America.
- I never was to America.
- I was terribly disappointed with my grade because I — very hard.
- studied
- was studying
- study
- had studied
- What — at ten o’clock when I phoned?
- did you do
- you were doing
- were you doing
- did you
- Choose the correct option:
- What means this word?
- What does mean this word?
- What does this word mean?
- What is this word mean?
- Smartness — active and energetic.
- means to being
- means being
- mean to be
- meaning to be
- Find out the correct sentence:
- What time it is?
- What time is it?
- Is what time now?
- It’s what time now?
- Choose the correct sentence:
- The cake burn yesterday.
- The cake burns yesterday.
- The cake burned yesterday.
- The cake burning yesterday.
- Who — was going to take your photograph?
- you said
- did you say
- did you say that
- you did say
- We — English since our childhood.
- are learning
- learn
- learned
- have been learning
- We — dinner together tomorrow.
- will have
- would be have
- have
- will have had
- He gave up — football when he got married.
- of playing
- to play
- playing
- play
- Choose the correct sentence:
- I live Dhaka for two years.
- I have been living Dhaka for two years.
- I have lived Dhaka since two years.
- I have lived Dhaka for two years.
- When Rumana — back tonight, she’ll cook dinner.
- will be coming
- will come
- comes
- shall come
- By 9 o’clock we — our homework.
- hive finished
- are finished
- will have finish
- will have finished
- The doctor suggested that the patient — weight.
- should lose
- would lose
- loss
- lose
- Since 1995, Fatema — in Dhaka.
- live
- lived
- has lived
- is living
- Choose the correct sentence:
- Sadia will be playing on the computer when her mother comes home.
- Sadia will have been playing on the computer when her mother comes home.
- Sadia would playing on the computer when her mother comes home.
- Sadia can be playing on the computer when her mother comes home.
- He had changed so much since I last saw him that I hardly — him.
- noticed
- distinguished
- glanced
- recognized