Modifier, Sentence, Transformation of Sentence and Degree — Primary Teacher

Modifier, Sentence, Transformation of Sentence and Degree: ইংরেজি, Primary Teacher পাঠ ও 89টি প্রশ্নের অনুশীলন। পৃষ্ঠা 1/2।

এ অধ্যায়ের পাঠ্যসূচী
Modifier
Infinitive, Gerund and Participle
বাক্যে এমন কিছু Verb-form আছে যেগুলো সব সময় Finite Verb হিসেবে কাজ না করে কখনো Noun, কখনো Adjective আবার কখনো অন্য গঠনগত ভূমিকা পালন করে। Modifier অধ্যায়ে বিশেষভাবে Infinitive, Gerund ও Participle গুরুত্বপূর্ণ।

এই তিনটি form চেনার ক্ষেত্রে শুধু বাহ্যিক রূপ দেখলেই হবে না; বাক্যে সেটি কোন কাজ করছে তা লক্ষ্য করতে হবে।
Infinitive
to + Verb-এর Base Form
সাধারণভ??বে to-এর পরে Verb-এর Base Form বসে যে Non-finite Verb গঠিত হয় তাকে Infinitive বলা হয়।

উদাহরণ—
I went to market to buy a book.
He likes to play cricket.

Infinitive কোনো বাক্যে Subject হিসেবেও ব্যবহার হতে পারে। তখন সেটি সম্পূর্ণ phrase হিসেবে Singular ধারণা দেয়।

উদাহরণ—
To swim is a good exercise.
To run is good for health.

অর্থাৎ Infinitive শুধু Verb নয়; বাক্যে Noun-জাতীয় কাজও করতে পারে।
Gerund
Verb + ing যখন Noun-এর কাজ করে
Verb-এর সঙ্গে ing যুক্ত হয়ে যদি সেই form বাক্যে Noun-এর কাজ করে, তাকে Gerund বলে।

Gerund সাধারণত Subject অথবা Object হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়।

Subject হিসেবে—
Swimming is a good exercise.

Object হিসেবে—
We enjoyed sleeping in the open air.

Gerund চেনার একটি সহজ উপায় হলো, ing যুক্ত word-টিকে প্রশ্ন করলে যদি কোনো কাজের নাম বা বস্তুগত ধারণা পাওয়া যায়, তবে সেটি Gerund হওয়ার সম্ভাবনা বেশি।
Participle
Verb যখন Adjective-এর কাজ করে
Verb-এর এমন রূপ যা একই সঙ্গে Verb-এর বৈশিষ্ট্য ধরে রাখে এবং Adjective-এর মতো কোনো Noun বা Pronoun-কে qualify বা modify করে, তাকে Participle বলে।

Participle প্রধানত তিন প্রকার—

১। Present Participle
২। Past Participle
৩। Perfect Participle
Present Participle
Verb-এর সঙ্গে ing যুক্ত হয়ে যদি সেটি Adjective-এর কাজ করে এবং কোনো Noun-কে modify করে, তবে তাকে Present Participle বলা হয়।

উদাহরণ—
A barking dog seldom bites.
A rolling stone gathers no moss.

এখানে barking শব্দটি dog-কে এবং rolling শব্দটি stone-কে modify করেছে। তাই এগুলো Present Participle।

আরও উদাহরণ—
Education is enlightening.

এখানে enlightening শব্দটি Education-এর অবস্থা বা গুণ প্রকাশ করেছে।
Past Participle
Verb-এর Past Participle Form কোনো সম্পন্ন কাজের ফল বা অবস্থা বোঝাতে এবং Adjective-এর মতো কোনো Noun-কে modify করতে ব্যবহৃত হলে তাকে Past Participle বলা হয়।

উদাহরণ—
There is a broken glass.
We should not drink polluted water.
Deceived by his friends, he lost all hope.

Broken, polluted ও deceived যথাক্রমে কোনো সম্পন্ন কাজের ফল বা অবস্থা প্রকাশ করেছে।
Perfect Participle
Having + Verb-এর Past Participle Form দ্বারা সাধারণত Perfect Participle গঠিত হয়। একটি কাজ অন্য কাজের আগে সম্পন্ন হয়েছে—এমন অর্থ এতে প্রকাশ পায়।

উদাহরণ—
Having tired, I went to a restaurant.
Having rested a while, we continued our journey.
We left the place having completed the work.

Perfect Participle চেনার সবচেয়ে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ বৈশিষ্ট্য হলো having-এর পরে Past Participle থাকা।
Gerund ও Participle-এর পার্থক্য
Gerund এবং Present Participle—উভয়ের সঙ্গেই ing থাকে। পার্থক্য বোঝার জন্য বাক্যে তাদের কাজ লক্ষ্য করতে হবে।

Gerund → Noun-এর কাজ করে।
Participle → Adjective-এর কাজ করে।

উদাহরণ—
Walking is good for health.
এখানে Walking বাক্যের Subject, তাই Gerund।

A barking dog seldom bites.
এখানে barking, dog-কে modify করছে, তাই Participle।

আরও একটি কৌশল—
Preposition-এর পরে Verb + ing থাকলে সাধারণত Gerund হয়।

উদাহরণ—
He is fond of reading novels.
Sentence
বাক্যের গঠনগত শ্রেণিবিভাগ
যে শব্দসমষ্টি সম্পূর্ণভাবে মনের ভাব প্রকাশ করে তাকে Sentence বলে। গঠন অনুযায়ী Sentence প্রধানত তিন প্রকার—

১। Simple Sentence
২। Complex Sentence
৩। Compound Sentence

Transformation of Sentence বুঝতে Clause, Finite Verb, Non-finite Verb, Clause-marker এবং Conjunction সম্পর্কে স্পষ্ট ধারণা প্রয়োজন।
Simple Sentence
Simple Sentence-এ সাধারণত একটি Principal Subject এবং একটি Finite Verb থাকে। তবে একই Sentence-এ Infinitive, Gerund বা Participle জাতীয় Non-finite Verb একাধিক থাকতে পারে।

উদাহরণ—
Rahim goes to school every day.
We know the person.
Rahim goes to school to learn something.

শেষ উদাহরণে goes হলো Finite Verb এবং to learn হলো Non-finite Verb।

Simple Sentence-এর শুরুতে Because of, In spite of, Despite ইত্যাদি phrase থাকতে পারে। এগুলো Clause-marker নয়।

উদাহরণ—
Because of his illness, he could not attend the class.
In spite of his being healthy, he is lazy.
Despite his being healthy, he is lazy.
Complex Sentence
যে Sentence-এ একটি Principal Clause এবং তার ওপর নির্ভরশীল এক বা একাধিক Subordinate Clause থাকে তাকে Complex Sentence বলে।

Complex Sentence-এ Subordinate Clause সাধারণত কোনো Clause-marker দিয়ে শুরু হয়।

গুরুত্বপূর্ণ Clause-marker—
who, whom, which, whose, what, that, when, where, why, how, since, as, though, although ইত্যাদি।

উদাহরণ—
I know the person who loves me.
I see the person who stole my pen.

এখানে who দিয়ে শুরু হওয়া অংশ Subordinate Clause।
Compound Sentence
যে Sentence-এ দুই বা ততোধিক স্বাধীন Clause কোনো Coordinating Conjunction দ্বারা যুক্ত থাকে তাকে Compound Sentence বলে।

প্রধান Conjunction—
for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so।

এগুলো সহজে মনে রাখতে FANBOYS mnemonic ব্যবহার করা যায়।

উদাহরণ—
I bought a book and he bought a pen.
You may read the books or leave the class.
Simple, Complex ও Compound চেনার কৌশল
Simple Sentence-এ সাধারণত Clause-marker বা Coordinating Conjunction থাকে না।
Complex Sentence-এ সাধারণত Clause-marker থাকে।
Compound Sentence-এ সাধারণত Coordinating Conjunction থাকে।

উদাহরণ—
We know the person. — Simple
We know the person who loves us. — Complex
We know the person and we shall help him. — Compound
Simple to Complex
Simple Sentence-কে Complex Sentence-এ রূপান্তর
Simple Sentence-এ থাকা Non-finite phrase, prepositional phrase বা participial phrase-কে একটি পূর্ণ Subordinate Clause-এ রূপান্তর করলে Complex Sentence তৈরি করা যায়।
Present Participle থেকে Complex
Simple Sentence-এর শুরুতে Present Participle থাকলে অর্থ অনুযায়ী when, as অথবা since দিয়ে Subordinate Clause তৈরি করা যায়।

Simple—
Going to market, Ritu bought a new dress.

Complex—
When Ritu went to market, she bought a new dress.

Simple—
Committing the crime, the man was punished.

Complex—
As the man committed the crime, he was punished.

সাধারণভাবে সময় বোঝালে when এবং কারণ বোঝালে as বা since ব্যবহৃত হয়।
Because of থেকে Complex
Because of যুক্ত Simple Sentence-কে Complex করতে Because of-এর পরিবর্তে since বা as ব্যবহার করে পূর্ণ Clause তৈরি করা হয়।

Simple—
Because of his being guilty, he was punished.

Complex—
Since he was guilty, he was punished.

Simple—
Because of his having a lot of money, he could buy a car.

Complex—
Since he had a lot of money, he could buy a car.

Abstract Noun থাকলে Complex করার সময় সেটিকে উপযুক্ত Adjective-এ রূপান্তর করা যায়।

Simple—
Because of his poverty, he cannot afford a balanced diet.

Complex—
As he is poor, he cannot afford a balanced diet.
Too...to থেকে Complex
Too...to যুক্ত Simple Sentence-কে Complex করতে too-এর পরিবর্তে so এবং to-এর পরিবর্তে that-clause ব্যবহার করা হয়।

বর্তমান অর্থে can not এবং অতীত অর্থে could not ব্যবহৃত হয়।

Simple—
The sum is too difficult for me to solve.

Complex—
The sum is so difficult that I cannot solve it.

Simple—
The man was too lazy to do the work.

Complex—
The man was so lazy that he could not do the work.
In order to বা to থেকে Complex
Purpose বোঝানো to বা in order to-যুক্ত Simple Sentence-কে Complex করতে so that ব্যবহার করা হয়।

Present অর্থে can এবং Past অর্থে could ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে।

Simple—
We read books to acquire knowledge.

Complex—
We read books so that we can acquire knowledge.

Simple—
Ritu went home to meet her family.

Complex—
Ritu went home so that she could meet her family.
In spite of ও Despite থেকে Complex
In spite of অথবা despite যুক্ত Simple Sentence-কে Complex করতে though বা although ব্যবহার করা হয়।

Simple—
In spite of having a lot of money, he leads a simple life.

Complex—
Though he has a lot of money, he leads a simple life.

Simple—
In spite of his poverty, he lives honestly.

Complex—
Though he is poor, he lives honestly.
Without + Gerund থেকে Complex
Without + Gerund যুক্ত Simple Sentence-কে Complex করতে if-clause ব্যবহার করা যায়।

Simple—
Without working hard, you cannot pass the admission test.

Complex—
If you do not work hard, you cannot pass the admission test.

Simple—
Without obeying your parents, you cannot live a happy life.

Complex—
If you do not obey your parents, you cannot live a happy life.
By + Gerund থেকে Complex
By + Gerund কোনো কাজ করার উপায় বা শর্ত বোঝালে Complex Sentence-এ if-clause ব্যবহার করা যায়।

Simple—
By working hard, you can pass the admission test.

Complex—
If you work hard, you can pass the admission test.

Simple—
By reading more, you can acquire more knowledge.

Complex—
If you read more, you can acquire more knowledge.
Noun + Present Participle থেকে Complex
Simple Sentence-এ কোনো Noun-এর পরে Present Participle সেই Noun-কে modify করলে Complex Sentence-এ who, which বা that ব্যবহার করে Relative Clause তৈরি করা যায়।

Simple—
The girl singing in the class is my sister.

Complex—
The girl who is singing in the class is my sister.

Simple—
The boy playing in the field is known to me.

Complex—
The boy who is playing in the field is known to me.
Object + Present Participle থেকে Complex
Subject + Verb + Object + Present Participle structure-কে Complex করতে Object অনুযায়ী Relative Pronoun এবং প্রয়োজনীয় Auxiliary Verb ব্যবহার করা হয়।

Simple—
I saw a baby crying.

Complex—
I saw a baby that was crying.

Pronoun Object থাকলে প্রয়োজন অনুযায়ী Subjective Form ব্যবহার করতে হয়।

Simple—
I saw her laughing.

Complex—
I saw her when she was laughing.
Complex to Compound
Complex Sentence-এর Subordinate Clause-কে স্বাধীন Clause-এ রূপান্তর করে উপযুক্ত Coordinating Conjunction ব্যবহার করলে Compound Sentence তৈরি হয়।
Since, As, When থেকে Compound
Since, as বা when যুক্ত Complex Sentence-এ Clause-marker বাদ দিয়ে দুটি Clause-কে and দ্বারা যুক্ত করা যায়।

Complex—
When the boy saw his father, he ran away.

Compound—
The boy saw his father and he ran away.

Complex—
As my father was ill, I could not attend the class.

Compound—
My father was ill and I could not attend the class.
Though বা Although থেকে Compound
Though বা although যুক্ত Complex Sentence-কে Compound করতে এগুলোর পরিবর্তে but ব্যবহার করা হয়।

Complex—
Though he was poor, he was honest.

Compound—
He was poor but he was honest.
If-Clause থেকে Compound
Affirmative if-clause থাকলে Compound Sentence-এ প্রথম অংশকে Imperative করে and ব্যবহার করা যায়।

Complex—
If you work hard, you will shine in life.

Compound—
Work hard and you will shine in life.

Negative if-clause থাকলে Imperative-এর সঙ্গে or ব্যবহার করা যায়।

Complex—
If you do not read attentively, you will fail in the examination.

Compound—
Read attentively or you will fail in the examination.
So...that থেকে Compound
So...that যুক্ত Complex Sentence-কে Compound করতে so-এর পরিবর্তে very এবং that-এর পরিবর্তে and ব্যবহার করা যায়।

Complex—
The man is so weak that he cannot walk.

Compound—
The man is very weak and he cannot walk.
So that থেকে Compound
Purpose বোঝানো so that-clause-কে Compound করতে প্রথম Clause-এ want to বা wanted to-এর ধারণা এনে and so ব্যবহার করা যায়।

Complex—
We eat so that we can live.

Compound—
We want to live and so we eat.

Complex—
He walked fast so that he could get the train.

Compound—
He wanted to get the train and so he walked fast.
Relative Pronoun-যুক্ত Complex থেকে Compound
Relative Pronoun দিয়ে যুক্ত Subordinate Clause-কে Compound করতে Relative Pronoun বাদ দিয়ে and বসানো হয় এবং প্রয়োজন অনুযায়ী Subject পুনরায় লিখতে হয়।

Complex—
I saw the man who was blind.

Compound—
I saw the man and he was blind.
Compound to Simple
Compound Sentence-এ দুটি Independent Clause থাকে। এগুলোর একটি Clause-কে Participle, Gerund বা Prepositional Phrase-এ রূপান্তর করে একটি মাত্র Finite Verb রাখলে Simple Sentence তৈরি হয়।
And যুক্ত Compound থেকে Simple
দুটি Clause-এর Subject একই হলে প্রথম Clause-এর Main Verb-এর সঙ্গে ing যুক্ত করে প্রথম Subject বাদ দেওয়া যায়।

Compound—
The woman sold her hair and bought a gold chain.

Simple—
Selling her hair, the woman bought a gold chain.

Compound—
Rahim closed the door and sat down to watch television.

Simple—
Closing the door, Rahim sat down to watch television.
Being ও Having ব্যবহার
Compound Sentence-এর প্রথম Clause-এ Be Verb থাকলে Simple Sentence-এ being এবং Have Verb থাকলে having ব্যবহার করা যায়।

Compound—
The function was over and the guests returned home.

Simple—
The function being over, the guests returned home.

Compound—
The sun had set and we returned home.

Simple—
The sun having set, we returned home.
Because of দ্বারা Simple
দুটি Clause কারণ-ফল সম্পর্কযুক্ত হলে প্রথম Clause-কে Because of phrase-এ রূপান্তর করা যায়।

Compound—
He was ill and he could not attend the function.

Simple—
Because of his being ill, he could not attend the function.
In spite of দ্বারা Simple
But যুক্ত বিপরীতধর্মী দুটি Clause-কে Simple করতে প্রথম Clause-কে in spite of phrase-এ রূপান্তর করা যায়।

Compound—
He was ill but he attended the meeting.

Simple—
In spite of his being ill, he attended the meeting.
Or যুক্ত Compound থেকে Simple
Or দ্বারা শর্ত বা সতর্কতা বোঝানো Compound Sentence-কে Simple করতে without + Gerund ব্যবহার করা যায়।

Compound—
Work hard or you will fail in the examination.

Simple—
Without working hard, you will fail in the examination.
Affirmative to Negative
Affirmative Sentence-কে Negative করতে শুধু not যোগ করলেই যথেষ্ট নয়; বাক্যের অর্থ অপরিবর্তিত রাখতে প্রয়োজন অনুযায়ী synonym, antonym এবং বিশেষ structure ব্যবহার করতে হয়।
Only বা Alone যুক্ত বাক্য
Only বা alone কোনো ব্যক্তিকে বোঝালে Negative-এ none but ব্যবহার করা যায়।

Affirmative—
Only God is Almighty.

Negative—
None but God is Almighty.

Only কোনো বস্তু বোঝালে nothing but ব্যবহৃত হয়।

Affirmative—
I have only a book.

Negative—
I have nothing but a book.

শুধু সংখ্যা বোঝালে not more than বা not less than ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে।
Must যুক্ত বাক্য
Must যুক্ত Affirmative Sentence-কে অর্থ অক্ষুণ্ণ রেখে Negative করতে cannot but + Base Form অথবা cannot help + Verb + ing ব্যবহার করা যায়।

Affirmative—
I must do it.

Negative—
I cannot but do it.
I cannot help doing it.
Always যুক্ত বাক্য
Always-এর পরিবর্তে never + বিপরীতার্থক word ব্যবহার করে Negative করা যায়।

Affirmative—
She always remembers you.

Negative—
She never forgets you.
Had to যুক্ত বাক্য
Had to-এর বাধ্যবাধকতা Negative আকারে প্রকাশ করতে could not but + Base Form অথবা could not help + Verb + ing ব্যবহার করা যায়।

Affirmative—
They had to work hard.

Negative—
They could not but work hard.
They could not help working hard.
Every যুক্ত বাক্য
Every দ্বারা সাধারণ সত্য প্রকাশ করলে Negative-এ there is no...who does not অথবা there is no...but structure ব্যবহার করা যায়।

Affirmative—
Every mother loves her child.

Negative—
There is no mother who does not love her child.

Every + Noun + has structure থাকলে without ব্যবহার করেও Negative করা যায়।

Affirmative—
Every man has a dream.

Negative—
There is no man without a dream.
Both...and যুক্ত বাক্য
Both...and-কে Negative রূপে অর্থ অক্ষুণ্ণ রেখে not only...but also দ্বারা প্রকাশ করা যায়।

Affirmative—
He eats both beef and mutton.

Negative—
He eats not only beef but also mutton.
Less...than যুক্ত বাক্য
Less...than-যুক্ত Affirmative Sentence-কে Negative করতে not as...as ব্যবহার করা যায়।

Affirmative—
He is less meritorious than you.

Negative—
He is not as meritorious as you.
Opposite Word দিয়ে Negative
Adjective বা descriptive word থাকলে not + তার বিপরীতার্থক word ব্যবহার করে অর্থ অপরিবর্তিত রেখে Negative করা যায়।

Affirmative—
He is an honest man.

Negative—
He is not a dishonest man.
Too...to থেকে Negative
Too...to structure-কে Negative করতে so...that + cannot বা could not ব্যবহার করা যায়।

Affirmative—
The woman is too weak to do the work.

Negative—
The woman is so weak that she cannot do the work.
Sometimes থেকে Negative
Sometimes-এর ভাব Negative structure-এ not always দ্বারা প্রকাশ করা যায়।

Affirmative—
My friends sometimes visit my village.

Negative—
My friends do not always visit my village.
As...as থেকে Negative
As...as যুক্ত Affirmative Sentence-কে Negative করতে not less...than structure ব্যবহার করা যায়।

Affirmative—
Jim and Della were as wise as the Magi.

Negative—
Jim and Della were not less wise than the Magi.
As soon as থেকে Negative
As soon as-যুক্ত বাক্যকে Negative করতে no sooner had...than structure ব্যবহার করা যায়।

Affirmative—
As soon as the teacher entered the class, the students stood up.

Negative—
No sooner had the teacher entered the class than the students stood up.
Many, A few, Much ও A little-এর Negative
Many-এর ভাব Negative-এ not a few দ্বারা প্রকাশ করা যায়।
A few-এর পরিবর্তে not many ব্যবহার করা যায়।
Much-এর পরিবর্তে not a little এবং a little-এর পরিবর্তে not much ব্যবহার করা যায়।

উদাহরণ—
There are many books on the shelf.
There are not a few books on the shelf.

I have a few friends.
I have not many friends.

He has much money.
He has not a little money.

There is a little water in the jar.
There is not much water in the jar.
Assertive to Interrogative
Assertive Sentence Affirmative হলে Interrogative করার সময় সাধারণত Negative প্রশ্ন করা হয় এবং Assertive Sentence Negative হলে Interrogative Affirmative হয়।

Assertive—
Rony is a brilliant student.

Interrogative—
Isn't Rony a brilliant student?

Assertive—
She is not a liar.

Interrogative—
Is she a liar?

Assertive Sentence-এ Auxiliary Verb থাকলে সেটিকে Subject-এর আগে বসাতে হয়।

Auxiliary না থাকলে Tense ও Subject অনুযায়ী do, does অথবা did ব্যবহার করতে হয় এবং Main Verb Base Form-এ থাকে।

Assertive—
Jitu likes swimming.

Interrogative—
Doesn't Jitu like swimming?

Everyone, everybody বা all Subject হলে who ব্যবহার করে প্রশ্ন তৈরি করা যায়।

Assertive—
Everybody likes an honest man.

Interrogative—
Who doesn't like an honest man?

Nobody, none বা no one থাকলে who + Auxiliary + Base Form ব্যবহার করা যায়।

Assertive—
Nobody trusts a liar.

Interrogative—
Who does trust a liar?

Never থাকলে Interrogative-এ ever এবং nothing থাকলে anything ব্যবহৃত হয়।
Assertive to Exclamatory
Very + Adjective বা Adverb-যুক্ত Assertive Sentence-কে Exclamatory করতে How + Adjective/Adverb structure ব্যবহার করা যায়।

Assertive—
This car is very beautiful.

Exclamatory—
How beautiful this car is!

Assertive—
She speaks very fluently.

Exclamatory—
How fluently she speaks!

Article + Adjective + Noun থাকলে What + a/an + Adjective + Noun structure ব্যবহৃত হয়।

Assertive—
Football is an exciting game.

Exclamatory—
What an exciting game football is!

I wish দিয়ে শুরু হলে Exclamatory-তে If বা Had ব্যবহার করা যায়।

Assertive—
I wish I had been a king.

Exclamatory—
If I had been a king!
Had I been a king!
Exclamatory to Assertive
How + Adjective/Adverb-যুক্ত Exclamatory Sentence-কে Assertive করতে Subject + Verb + very + Adjective/Adverb structure ব্যবহার করা হয়।

Exclamatory—
How beautiful the village is!

Assertive—
The village is very beautiful.

What + a/an + Adjective + Noun-যুক্ত Exclamatory Sentence-কে Assertive করতে very বা great-জাতীয় intensifier ব্যবহার করা যায়।

Exclamatory—
What a happy life she leads!

Assertive—
She leads a very happy life.

Exclamatory—
What a fool he is!

Assertive—
He is a great fool.
Degree of Comparison
Positive, Comparative and Superlative
Adjective-এর মাধ্যমে ব্যক্তি, বস্তু বা বিষয়ের গুণের তুলনা প্রকাশ করাকে Degree of Comparison বলা হয়।

Degree প্রধানত তিন প্রকার—

১। Positive Degree
২। Comparative Degree
৩। Superlative Degree
Positive Degree
কোনো Noun বা Pronoun-এর গুণ, দোষ বা অবস্থা সাধারণভাবে প্রকাশ করলে Adjective-এর মূল রূপকে Positive Degree বলা হয়।

উদাহরণ—
Shamim is a good player.
He is strong.
Comparative Degree
সাধারণত দুই ব্যক্তি, বস্তু বা বিষয়ের মধ্যে তুলনা করতে Comparative Degree ব্যবহৃত হয়।

উদাহরণ—
Shamim is better than Karim.
Rahim is taller than Karim.

Comparative Degree-এর একটি প্রধান চিহ্ন হলো than।
Superlative Degree
দুইয়ের বেশি ব্যক্তি বা বস্তুর মধ্যে সর্বোচ্চ বা সর্বনিম্ন গুণ প্রকাশ করতে Superlative Degree ব্যবহৃত হয়।

উদাহরণ—
Shamim is the best player in the team.

Superlative Degree-এর আগে সাধারণত the ব্যবহৃত হয়।
গুরুত্বপূর্ণ Degree Form
Positive Comparative Superlative
StrongStrongerStrongest
GreatGreaterGreatest
OldOlder/ElderOldest/Eldest
SmallSmallerSmallest
FewFewerFewest
WeakWeakerWeakest
HotHotterHottest
BigBiggerBiggest
LargeLargerLargest
WiseWiserWisest
EasyEasierEasiest
BeautifulMore beautifulMost beautiful
IntelligentMore intelligentMost intelligent
Good/WellBetterBest
BadWorseWorst
Many/MuchMoreMost
LittleLessLeast
LateLater/LatterLatest/Last
FarFartherFarthest
ForeFurtherFurthest
OutOuter/UtterOutmost/Outermost
UpUpperUppermost
Superlative Degree থেকে Positive Degree
সাধারণ Superlative Sentence-কে Positive করতে no other + Noun + Verb + as/so + Positive Form + as structure ব্যবহার করা হয়।

Superlative—
Rony is the smallest player in the team.

Positive—
No other player in the team is as small as Rony.

Superlative—
Sima is the best housewife.

Positive—
No other housewife is as good as Sima.

One of the-যুক্ত Superlative হলে Positive Sentence সাধারণত very few দিয়ে শুরু হয়।

Superlative—
He is one of the best players in the team.

Positive—
Very few players in the team are as good as he.
Comparative Degree থেকে Positive Degree
Than-যুক্ত Comparative-কে Positive করতে দ্বিতীয় অংশকে Subject করে not as/so + Positive Form + as ব্যবহার করা যায়।

Comparative—
Jamal is bigger than Kamal.

Positive—
Kamal is not as big as Jamal.

Comparative—
He is stronger than I.

Positive—
I am not as strong as he.

Than any other-যুক্ত Comparative-কে Positive করতে no other ব্যবহার করা হয়।

Comparative—
Dhaka is larger than any other city in Bangladesh.

Positive—
No other city in Bangladesh is as large as Dhaka.

Than most other বা than few other থাকলে Positive সাধারণত very few দিয়ে শুরু হয়।

Comparative—
Gold is more useful than most other metals.

Positive—
Very few metals are as useful as gold.
Superlative Degree থেকে Comparative Degree
Superlative Sentence-কে Comparative করতে Superlative Form-এর Comparative Form ব্যবহার করে than any other বা than all other প্রয়োগ করা যায়।

Superlative—
He is the best player in the team.

Comparative—
He is better than any other player in the team.

Superlative—
He is the best of all men.

Comparative—
He is better than all other men.

One of the-যুক্ত Superlative হলে Comparative-এ than most other ব্যবহৃত হয়।

Superlative—
Canada is one of the coldest countries in the world.

Comparative—
Canada is colder than most other countries in the world.
Positive Degree থেকে Comparative Degree
No other-যুক্ত Positive Degree-কে Comparative করতে মূল Subject-কে সামনে এনে Comparative Form + than any other ব্যবহার করা হয়।

Positive—
No other player in the team is as good as he.

Comparative—
He is better than any other player in the team.

Very few-যুক্ত Positive-কে Comparative করতে than most other ব্যবহার করা হয়।

Positive—
Very few students are as good as Shamim.

Comparative—
Shamim is better than most other students.

সাধারণ as...as-যুক্ত Positive Sentence-কে Comparative করতে Subject ও Object-এর স্থান পরিবর্তন করে not + Comparative + than structure ব্যবহার করা যায়।

Positive—
He is as good as his brother.

Comparative—
His brother is not better than he.
Comparative Degree থেকে Superlative Degree
Than any other বা than all other-যুক্ত Comparative Sentence-কে Superlative করতে the + Superlative Form ব্যবহার করা হয়।

Comparative—
He is better than any other player in the team.

Superlative—
He is the best player in the team.

Comparative—
He is taller than all other boys.

Superlative—
He is the tallest of all boys.

Than most other বা than few other থাকলে Superlative-এ one of the + Superlative Form ব্যবহৃত হয়।

Comparative—
Vatican City is smaller than most other countries in the world.

Superlative—
Vatican City is one of the smallest countries in the world.
Positive Degree থেকে Superlative Degree
No other-যুক্ত Positive Sentence-কে Superlative করতে মূল Subject + Verb + the + Superlative Form ব্যবহার করা হয়।

Positive—
No other player in the team is as good as Sakib.

Superlative—
Sakib is the best player in the team.

Very few-যুক্ত Positive Sentence-কে Superlative করতে one of the + Superlative Form ব্যবহৃত হয়।

Positive—
Very few men in the village are as tall as Shamim.

Superlative—
Shamim is one of the tallest men in the village.
Degree পরিবর্তনের বিশেষ নিয়ম
Positive Degree-এর সাধারণ চিহ্ন— as...as অথবা so...as।
Comparative Degree-এর প্রধান চিহ্ন— than।
Superlative Degree-এর প্রধান চিহ্ন— the।

Degree পরিবর্তনের সময় মূল বাক্যের অর্থ পরিবর্তন করা যাবে না।
প্রয়োজন অনুযায়ী Subject ও Object-এর স্থান পরিবর্তন করতে হয়।

No less...than-যুক্ত Comparative-কে Positive করতে as...as ব্যবহার করা যায়।

Comparative—
He is no less intelligent than you.

Positive—
He is as intelligent as you.

No sooner had...than structure-কে Positive অর্থে as soon as-এ রূপান্তর করা যায়।

No sooner had he seen me than he ran away.

As soon as he saw me, he ran away.

বিশেষ Comparative Adjective যেমন superior, inferior, senior, junior, prior ইত্যাদির পরে সাধারণত than নয়, to ব্যবহৃত হয়।

উদাহরণ—
He is superior to me.
This pen is inferior to your pen.

দুটি ব্যক্তির মধ্যে তুলনায় the + Comparative ব্যবহার হতে পারে।

উদাহরণ—
Rasel is the smaller of the two boys.

Parallel comparison-এ the + Comparative, the + Comparative structure ব্যবহৃত হয়।

উদাহরণ—
The more you read, the more you learn.
The greater the demand, the higher the price.
Degree Transformation-এর দ্রুত Revision
No other + Positive → Comparative-এ than any other → Superlative-এ the + Superlative Form।

Very few + Positive → Comparative-এ than most other → Superlative-এ one of the + Superlative Form।

Superlative-এর one of the → Comparative-এ than most other → Positive-এ very few।

Comparative-এর than any other → Positive-এ no other → Superlative-এ the + Superlative Form।

Comparative-এর than most other → Positive-এ very few → Superlative-এ one of the + Superlative Form।

as...as → সাধারণত Positive Degree।
than → সাধারণত Comparative Degree।
the + est অথবা the most → সাধারণত Superlative Degree।
  1. A rolling stone gathers no moss. What is ‘rolling’?
    • Verbal Noun
    • Gerund
    • Participle
    • Adjective
  2. A rolling stone gathers no moss. What ‘rolling’ is?
    • Verbal noun
    • Participle
    • Adjective
    • Gerund
  3. A swimming snake bit him in the leg. Here ‘swimming’ is a—
    • Participle
    • Verbal noun
    • Gerund
    • Infinitive
  4. A rolling stone gathers no moss. Here ‘rolling’ is?
    • Participle
    • Adjective
    • Gerund
    • Verbal Noun
  5. ‘I wish you success in life.’ What type of sentence is it?
    • Negative
    • Optative
    • Exclamatory
    • Assertive
  6. Although he is poor, he is honest. বাক্যটির Simple form কোনটি?
    • In spite of his poverty, he is honest.
    • Despite his honesty, he is poor.
    • Despite his poverty, he is honest.
    • In spite of having poor, he is honest.
  7. I know where he lives. The sentence is a—
    • Complex sentence
    • Negative sentence
    • Simple sentence
    • Compound sentence
  8. “Please bring me a cup of tea.” What kind of sentence is this?
    • Imperative
    • Assertive
    • Optative
    • Interrogative
  9. The superlative degree of the word ‘able’ is—
    • most able
    • ablest
    • best able
    • abler
  10. The word ‘difficult’ in its superlative form—
    • most difficult
    • very difficult
    • difficultest
    • very very difficult
  11. Which one is the superlative degree of ‘bad’?
    • evil
    • worse
    • worst
    • none
  12. Which of the following sentences is correct?
    • He is the most perfect gentleman.
    • He is one of the most perfect gentlemen.
    • He is a perfect gentleman.
    • He is more perfect than any other gentleman.
  13. Which sentence is correct?
    • This is an unique case.
    • This is a unique case.
    • This is a very unique case.
    • This is the most unique case.
  14. Prices for bicycles can run — Tk 2000.00.
    • as high as
    • so high as
    • as high to
    • as high for
  15. This pen is inferior — your pen. Rahim is inferior — Karim in intelligence.
    • than
    • that
    • from
    • to
  16. He is superior — me in all respects.
    • than
    • to
    • with
    • of
  17. Which one is the correct sentence?
    • He is better than bad.
    • He is more good than bad.
    • He is much well than bad.
    • He is the most better than bad.
  18. Which is the correct sentence?
    • Rahim is as tall as me.
    • Rahim is as tall as mine.
    • Rahim is as tall as I.
    • Rahim is tall as me.
  19. Honey is — sweet.
    • very
    • too much
    • much too
    • excessive
  20. Rasel is the smaller — the two boys.
    • of
    • as
    • before
    • than
  21. Choose the correct sentence—
    • More you read, more you learn.
    • The more you read, more you learn.
    • More you read, the more you learn.
    • The more you read, the more you learn.
  22. The greater the demand, — the price.
    • the higher
    • high
    • the highest
    • the high
  23. Nature is the — physician.
    • good
    • better
    • best
    • excellent
  24. Although we often use ‘speed’ and ‘velocity’ interchangeably, in a technical sense, ‘speed’ is not always — ‘velocity’.
    • alike
    • the same as
    • similar
    • as
  25. Which one is correct?
    • The Nile is longest river in Africa.
    • The Nile is longest river in the Africa.
    • Nile is longest river in Africa.
    • The Nile is the longest river in Africa.
  26. Dhaka is one of the largest cities in Bangladesh. বাক্যটির Positive form কোনটি?
    • No other cities in Bangladesh are as big as Dhaka.
    • Very few cities in Bangladesh are as big as Dhaka.
    • Very few cities in Bangladesh is as big as Dhaka.
    • Some cities in Bangladesh is as big as Dhaka.
  27. No animal is so big — the blue whale.
    • than
    • from
    • but
    • as
  28. Mango is one of the sweetest fruits in the world. বাক্যটির Comparative form কোনটি?
    • Mango is more sweet than any other fruits in the world.
    • Mango is more sweet than all other fruits in the world.
    • Mango is sweeter than most other fruits in the world.
    • Mango is sweeter than any other fruits in the world.
  29. ‘Writing is better than reading’—Negative form of the sentence is—
    • Writing is not as good as reading.
    • Reading is not as good as writing.
    • Nothing is as good as writing.
    • No other thing is as good as writing.
  30. I thought that — was the last one.
    • the most prettiest of all
    • prettiest one of all
    • the prettiest one from all
    • the prettiest one of all
  31. — 100 species of fish have been identified.
    • As many
    • As many as
    • As much as
    • Much as
  32. Belal is the best boy in the class. বাক্যটির Comparative form কোনটি?
    • Very few boys in the class as good as Belal.
    • Belal is a good boy in the class.
    • Belal is better than any other boy in the class.
    • Belal is better than any other boys in the class.
  33. Belal’s luck couldn’t have been — than Ahnaf.
    • worst
    • worser
    • worse
    • worsted
  34. The Padma is one of the biggest rivers in Bangladesh. বাক্যটির Positive form কোনটি?
    • Very few river in Bangladesh is as big as the Padma.
    • Very few rivers in Bangladesh are as big as the Padma.
    • No other river in Bangladesh is so big as the Padma.
    • No other rivers in Bangladesh are as big as the Padma.
  35. Change positive to comparative without any change of meaning: ‘He is as ferocious as tiger’.
    • A tiger is not more ferocious than he.
    • A tiger is not ferocious than he.
    • A tiger is not ferocious than he.
    • A tiger is not more ferocious than him.
  36. He is the best boy in the class. বাক্যটির Positive form কোনটি?
    • He is a good boy in the class.
    • No other boy is so good as he.
    • No other boy in the class is as good as he.
    • He is better than any other boy.
  37. ‘It burns the prettiest of any wood.’ বাক্যটির Positive form কোনটি?
    • No other wood is as pretty as it burns.
    • No other wood burns is as pretty as it.
    • No other wood burns as pretty as it.
    • No other wood burn as pretty as it.
  38. Choose the correct passive of ‘Do the work’.
    • Let the work done.
    • The work done by me.
    • The work be done.
    • Let the work be done.
  39. Choose the correct passive of ‘Do not shut the door’.
    • The door is not to be shut.
    • Let not the door be shut.
    • The door may not be shut.
    • The door will not be shut.
  40. Choose the correct passive of ‘Let me do the sum’.
    • Let the sum be done me.
    • Let the sum be done.
    • Let me be done the sum.
    • Let the sum be done by me.
  41. Choose the correct passive of ‘All of his friends laughed at him’.
    • He laughed at all of his friends.
    • He was laughed at by all of his friends.
    • All of his friends had laughed at him.
    • All of his friends were laughed at him.
  42. Wars — by human greed.
    • caused
    • are causing
    • are caused
    • causing
  43. A new house — at the corner of the road.
    • been built
    • is being built
    • is building
    • building
  44. Choose the correct passive of ‘I know him’.
    • He is known by me.
    • He was known to me.
    • He has been known by me.
    • He is known to me.
  45. Choose the correct Active of ‘A lion may be helped even by a little mouse’.
    • A little mouse may even help a lion.
    • Even a little mouse may help a lion.
    • Even a little mouse ought to help a lion.
    • A little mouse can even help a lion.
  46. Choose the correct passive of ‘My teacher embodies all the good qualities’.
    • All the good qualities are embodied by my teacher.
    • All the good qualities are embodied in my teacher.
    • All the good qualities are embodied to my teacher.
    • All the good qualities are embodied on my teacher.
  47. Choose the correct passive of ‘Who will do the work?’
    • Who will be done the work?
    • Who will done the work?
    • By whom will the work be done?
    • Whom will the work be done?
  48. Choose the correct passive of ‘Open the window’.
    • The window should be opened.
    • Let the window be opened.
    • Let the window be opened by you.
    • The window must be opened.
  49. Choose the correct passive of ‘Some children were helping the wounded man’.
    • The wounded man was helped by some children.
    • The wounded man was helping some children.
    • The wounded man was being helped by some children.
    • The wounded man was to be helped by some children.
  50. The best passive form of ‘We don’t like idle people’ is—
    • We are not liked by idle people.
    • Idle people are not like us.
    • Idle people are not liked by us.
    • Idle people are not of our liking.