Active and Passive Voice and Narration — Primary Teacher
Active and Passive Voice and Narration: ইংরেজি, Primary Teacher পাঠ ও 34টি প্রশ্নের অনুশীলন। পৃষ্ঠা 1/1।
এ অধ্যায়ের পাঠ্যসূচী
- Voice-এর ধারণা
- Active Voice
- Passive Voice
- Active থেকে Passive করার মূল নিয়ম
- Tense অনুযায়ী Voice-এর Structure
- Modal Auxiliary-এর Passive
- Passive Voice-এ বিশেষ Preposition
- Causative Verb-এর Passive
- Double Object-এর Passive
- Reflexive Pronoun-যুক্ত বাক্যের Passive
- অনির্দিষ্ট Subject-এর Passive
- Who-যুক্ত Interrogative-এর Passive
- Whom-যুক্ত Interrogative-এর Passive
- WH-word-যুক্ত বাক্যের Passive
- Imperative Sentence-এর Passive
- Phrasal Verb-এর Passive
- Agent দেখে Active ও Passive চেনা
- Narration-এর ধারণা
- Direct ও Indirect Narration
- Reporting Verb ও Reported Speech
- Narration-এ Tense পরিবর্তন
- Tense পরিবর্তনের ব্যতিক্রম
- Narration-এ Modal Auxiliary পরিবর্তন
- Narration-এ Word ও Phrase পরিবর্তন
- Narration-এ Person পরিবর্তন
- Assertive Sentence-এর Narration
- Interrogative Sentence-এর Narration
- Imperative Sentence-এর Narration
- Let-যুক্ত বাক্যের Narration
- Optative Sentence-এর Narration
- Exclamatory Sentence-এর Narration
- Vocative Case-এর Narration
- Voice Change ও Narration-এর মৌলিক পার্থক্য
Voice-এর ধারণা
Concept of Voice
Voice মূলত Verb-এর এমন একটি রূপ, যার মাধ্যমে বোঝা যায় বাক্যের Subject নিজে কাজটি করছে, নাকি কাজটি Subject-এর ওপর সংঘটিত হচ্ছে।
অর্থাৎ কোনো বাক্যে কর্তা যদি কাজের সম্পাদনকারী হয়, তবে বাক্যটি Active Voice। আর কর্তা যদি কাজটির গ্রহীতা হয়, তবে সেটি Passive Voice।
Voice পরিবর্তনের সময় বাক্যের মূল অর্থ সাধারণত অপরিবর্তিত থাকে; তবে Subject, Object, Auxiliary Verb এবং মূল Verb-এর রূপ পরিবর্তিত হতে পারে।
অর্থাৎ কোনো বাক্যে কর্তা যদি কাজের সম্পাদনকারী হয়, তবে বাক্যটি Active Voice। আর কর্তা যদি কাজটির গ্রহীতা হয়, তবে সেটি Passive Voice।
Voice পরিবর্তনের সময় বাক্যের মূল অর্থ সাধারণত অপরিবর্তিত থাকে; তবে Subject, Object, Auxiliary Verb এবং মূল Verb-এর রূপ পরিবর্তিত হতে পারে।
Active Voice
Subject performs the action
যে বাক্যে Subject নিজেই Verb দ্বারা প্রকাশিত কাজটি সম্পন্ন করে, তাকে Active Voice বলা হয়।
উদাহরণ:
I write a letter.
এখানে I হলো কর্তা এবং write কাজটি কর্তা নিজেই করছে। তাই বাক্যটি Active Voice।
উদাহরণ:
I write a letter.
এখানে I হলো কর্তা এবং write কাজটি কর্তা নিজেই করছে। তাই বাক্যটি Active Voice।
Passive Voice
Subject receives the action
যে বাক্যে Subject নিজে ???াজটি করে না; বরং অন্য কোনো ব্যক্তি বা বস্তুর দ্বারা কাজটি Subject-এর ওপর সংঘটিত হয়, তাকে Passive Voice বলা হয়।
উদাহরণ:
A letter is written by me.
এখানে A letter কাজটি করছে না; বরং letter-এর ওপর লেখার কাজ সংঘটিত হয়েছে। তাই বাক্যটি Passive Voice।
উদাহরণ:
A letter is written by me.
এখানে A letter কাজটি করছে না; বরং letter-এর ওপর লেখার কাজ সংঘটিত হয়েছে। তাই বাক্যটি Passive Voice।
Active থেকে Passive করার মূল নিয়ম
Basic Transformation Rules
Active Voice থেকে Passive Voice করার সময় সাধারণত নিচের পরিবর্তনগুলো করতে হয়—
১। Active Voice-এর Object-কে Passive Voice-এর Subject করতে হয়।
২। Tense অনুযায়ী উপযুক্ত Auxiliary Verb বসে।
৩। মূল Verb-কে Past Participle Form বা V3-এ নিতে হয়।
৪। প্রয়োজন অনুযায়ী by বা অন্য উপযুক্ত Preposition বসে।
৫। Active Voice-এর Subject-কে Objective Form-এ নিতে হয়।
সাধারণ Structure:
Active: Subject + Verb + Object
Passive: Object + Auxiliary Verb + V3 + appropriate preposition + Subject-এর Objective Form
উদাহরণ:
Active: I write a letter.
Passive: A letter is written by me.
১। Active Voice-এর Object-কে Passive Voice-এর Subject করতে হয়।
২। Tense অনুযায়ী উপযুক্ত Auxiliary Verb বসে।
৩। মূল Verb-কে Past Participle Form বা V3-এ নিতে হয়।
৪। প্রয়োজন অনুযায়ী by বা অন্য উপযুক্ত Preposition বসে।
৫। Active Voice-এর Subject-কে Objective Form-এ নিতে হয়।
সাধারণ Structure:
Active: Subject + Verb + Object
Passive: Object + Auxiliary Verb + V3 + appropriate preposition + Subject-এর Objective Form
উদাহরণ:
Active: I write a letter.
Passive: A letter is written by me.
Tense অনুযায়ী Voice-এর Structure
Tense-wise Active and Passive Structure
| Tense | Active Structure | Passive Structure |
|---|---|---|
| Present Indefinite | Subject + Verb + Object I eat rice. |
Subject + am/is/are + V3 Rice is eaten by me. |
| Present Continuous | Subject + am/is/are + Verb-ing + Object I am eating rice. |
Subject + am/is/are + being + V3 Rice is being eaten by me. |
| Present Perfect | Subject + have/has + V3 + Object I have eaten rice. |
Subject + have/has + been + V3 Rice has been eaten by me. |
| Past Indefinite | Subject + Past Form + Object I ate rice. |
Subject + was/were + V3 Rice was eaten by me. |
| Past Continuous | Subject + was/were + Verb-ing + Object I was eating rice. |
Subject + was/were + being + V3 Rice was being eaten by me. |
| Past Perfect | Subject + had + V3 + Object I had eaten rice. |
Subject + had + been + V3 Rice had been eaten by me. |
| Future Indefinite | Subject + shall/will + Verb + Object I shall eat rice. |
Subject + shall/will + be + V3 Rice will be eaten by me. |
| Future Continuous | Subject + shall/will + be + Verb-ing + Object | Subject + shall/will + be + being + V3 |
| Future Perfect | Subject + shall/will + have + V3 + Object | Subject + shall/will + have + been + V3 |
Modal Auxiliary-এর Passive
Passive with Modal Auxiliaries
Can, could, may, might, must, would, should, ought to, used to প্রভৃতি Modal Auxiliary সাধারণত Passive করার সময় অপরিবর্তিত থাকে। Modal-এর পরে be এবং এরপর মূল Verb-এর Past Participle Form বসে।
Structure:
Object + Modal Auxiliary + be + V3
উদাহরণ:
Active: I can do it.
Passive: It can be done by me.
Active: I may love him.
Passive: He may be loved by me.
Active: I ought to call you.
Passive: You ought to be called by me.
be going to-যুক্ত বাক্যেও Passive করার সময় be-এর পরে মূল Verb-এর V3 বসে।
Active: He is going to open a shop.
Passive: A shop is going to be opened by him.
Structure:
Object + Modal Auxiliary + be + V3
উদাহরণ:
Active: I can do it.
Passive: It can be done by me.
Active: I may love him.
Passive: He may be loved by me.
Active: I ought to call you.
Passive: You ought to be called by me.
be going to-যুক্ত বাক্যেও Passive করার সময় be-এর পরে মূল Verb-এর V3 বসে।
Active: He is going to open a shop.
Passive: A shop is going to be opened by him.
Passive Voice-এ বিশেষ Preposition
Appropriate Prepositions in Passive
Passive Voice-এ সব ক্ষেত্রে Agent-এর আগে by বসে না। কিছু Verb-এর সঙ্গে অর্থ ও প্রচলিত ব্যবহারের ভিত্তিতে অন্য Preposition ব্যবহৃত হয়।
উদাহরণ:
Active: I know him.
Passive: He is known to me.
Active: The student satisfied the teacher.
Passive: The teacher was satisfied with the student.
Active: The news will shock you.
Passive: You will be shocked at the news.
| Verb বা Expression | সাধারণত ব্যবহৃত Preposition |
|---|---|
| satisfied, pleased, disgusted, bothered, annoyed, seized | with |
| surprised, wondered, astonished, amazed, marvelled, alarmed, shocked, disappointed | at |
| contained, embodied, interested | in |
| known | to |
| worried | about |
Active: I know him.
Passive: He is known to me.
Active: The student satisfied the teacher.
Passive: The teacher was satisfied with the student.
Active: The news will shock you.
Passive: You will be shocked at the news.
Causative Verb-এর Passive
Passive with Causative Verbs
make-এর মতো Causative Verb-যুক্ত Active Voice Passive করার সময় গঠনটি সাধারণ Passive-এর তুলনায় কিছুটা ভিন্ন হয়।
Active Structure:
Causative Verb + Object + মূল Verb-এর base form
Passive Structure:
Causative Verb-এর Object + Tense অনুযায়ী Auxiliary Verb + Causative Verb-এর Past Participle Form + to + মূল Verb-এর base form
উদাহরণ:
Active: We made her recite a poem.
Passive: She was made to recite a poem.
এখানে Active বাক্যে recite-এর আগে to নেই, কিন্তু Passive বাক্যে made-এর পরে to recite ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে।
Active Structure:
Causative Verb + Object + মূল Verb-এর base form
Passive Structure:
Causative Verb-এর Object + Tense অনুযায়ী Auxiliary Verb + Causative Verb-এর Past Participle Form + to + মূল Verb-এর base form
উদাহরণ:
Active: We made her recite a poem.
Passive: She was made to recite a poem.
এখানে Active বাক্যে recite-এর আগে to নেই, কিন্তু Passive বাক্যে made-এর পরে to recite ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে।
Double Object-এর Passive
Passive of Verbs with Two Objects
কোনো Active বাক্যে দুটি Object থাকলে সাধারণত যেকোনো একটি Object-কে Passive Voice-এর Subject করা যায়। তবে ব্যক্তি নির্দেশকারী Object-কে Subject করা অনেক ক্ষেত্রে অধিক স্বাভাবিক।
Active: I gave him a book.
Passive:
He was given a book by me.
অথবা,
A book was given to him by me.
Active: I gave him a book.
Passive:
He was given a book by me.
অথবা,
A book was given to him by me.
Reflexive Pronoun-যুক্ত বাক্যের Passive
Reflexive Pronouns in Voice Change
Active Voice-এর Object যদি Reflexive Pronoun হয়, তবে Passive করার সময় সেটিকে Subject হিসেবে সামনে আনা হয়। Active-এর Subject তখন by-এর পরে উপযুক্ত Objective Form-এ ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে।
উদাহরণ:
Active: He killed himself.
Passive: He was killed by himself.
উদাহরণ:
Active: He killed himself.
Passive: He was killed by himself.
অনির্দিষ্ট Subject-এর Passive
Indefinite Subjects in Passive Voice
Active Voice-এর Subject যদি people, one, someone, somebody, everybody প্রভৃতি অনির্দিষ্ট ব্যক্তি নির্দেশ করে, তবে Passive Voice-এ সাধারণত by + Subject অংশটি বাদ দেওয়া যায়।
Active: People always remember the patriots.
Passive: The patriots are always remembered.
আবার Passive বাক্যে Agent উল্লেখ না থাকলে Active করার সময় অর্থ অনুযায়ী people, someone, somebody, one ইত্যাদি ব্যবহার করা যেতে পারে।
Passive: English is spoken all over the world.
Active: People speak English all over the world.
Passive: My pen has been stolen.
Active: Someone has stolen my pen.
Active: People always remember the patriots.
Passive: The patriots are always remembered.
আবার Passive বাক্যে Agent উল্লেখ না থাকলে Active করার সময় অর্থ অনুযায়ী people, someone, somebody, one ইত্যাদি ব্যবহার করা যেতে পারে।
Passive: English is spoken all over the world.
Active: People speak English all over the world.
Passive: My pen has been stolen.
Active: Someone has stolen my pen.
Who-যুক্ত Interrogative-এর Passive
Passive of Who Questions
Who যদি Active বাক্যে Subject হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়, Passive করার সময় সাধারণত By whom দিয়ে বাক্য শুরু করা হয়।
সাধারণ Structure:
By whom + Auxiliary Verb + Passive Subject + V3?
উদাহরণ:
Active: Who has broken the glass?
Passive: By whom has the glass been broken?
Active: Who will do the work?
Passive: By whom will the work be done?
সাধারণ Structure:
By whom + Auxiliary Verb + Passive Subject + V3?
উদাহরণ:
Active: Who has broken the glass?
Passive: By whom has the glass been broken?
Active: Who will do the work?
Passive: By whom will the work be done?
Whom-যুক্ত Interrogative-এর Passive
Passive of Whom Questions
Whom যদি Active বাক্যে Object হয়, Passive করার সময় সেটি Who-তে পরিবর্তিত হয়ে Passive Subject হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে।
সাধারণ Structure:
Who + Auxiliary Verb + V3 + by + Agent?
উদাহরণ:
Active: Whom do you want?
Passive: Who is wanted by you?
সাধারণ Structure:
Who + Auxiliary Verb + V3 + by + Agent?
উদাহরণ:
Active: Whom do you want?
Passive: Who is wanted by you?
WH-word-যুক্ত বাক্যের Passive
Passive with Where, When, Why and What
Where, when, why, what প্রভৃতি WH-word সাধারণত Passive করার পরও বাক্যের শুরুতে অপরিবর্তিত থাকে। বাক্যের বাকি অংশ Tense অনুযায়ী Passive Structure অনুসরণ করে।
Active: Where did you see him?
Passive: Where was he seen by you?
Active: When will you know it?
Passive: When will it be known to you?
Active: What do you want?
Passive: What is wanted by you?
Active: Where did you see him?
Passive: Where was he seen by you?
Active: When will you know it?
Passive: When will it be known to you?
Active: What do you want?
Passive: What is wanted by you?
Imperative Sentence-এর Passive
Passive of Command, Request and Instruction
Imperative Sentence-এ আদেশ, অনুরোধ, নিষেধ বা উপদেশ প্রকাশ পায়। এ ধরনের বাক্যের Passive করতে Let-ভিত্তিক Structure বেশি ব্যবহৃত হয়।
সাধারণ Imperative:
Let + Object + be + V3
Active: Do the work.
Passive: Let the work be done.
Negative Imperative:
Let not + Object + be + V3
Active: Do not shut the door.
Passive: Let not the door be shut.
Let + ব্যক্তিবাচক Object-যুক্ত বাক্যে:
Let + বস্তুবাচক Object + be + V3 + by + ব্যক্তিবাচক Object
Active: Let me do the sum.
Passive: Let the sum be done by me.
Never-যুক্ত Imperative-এর ক্ষেত্রে দুটি বহুল ব্যবহৃত Pattern দেখা যায়—
Let not + Object + ever + be + V3
অথবা
Let + Object + never + be + V3
Active: Never tell a lie.
Passive: Let not a lie ever be told.
অথবা
Let a lie never be told.
সাধারণ Imperative:
Let + Object + be + V3
Active: Do the work.
Passive: Let the work be done.
Negative Imperative:
Let not + Object + be + V3
Active: Do not shut the door.
Passive: Let not the door be shut.
Let + ব্যক্তিবাচক Object-যুক্ত বাক্যে:
Let + বস্তুবাচক Object + be + V3 + by + ব্যক্তিবাচক Object
Active: Let me do the sum.
Passive: Let the sum be done by me.
Never-যুক্ত Imperative-এর ক্ষেত্রে দুটি বহুল ব্যবহৃত Pattern দেখা যায়—
Let not + Object + ever + be + V3
অথবা
Let + Object + never + be + V3
Active: Never tell a lie.
Passive: Let not a lie ever be told.
অথবা
Let a lie never be told.
Phrasal Verb-এর Passive
Passive of Phrasal Verbs
কোনো Verb-এর সঙ্গে Preposition বা Adverb যুক্ত হয়ে Phrasal Verb তৈরি হলে Passive করার সময় সেই Preposition বা Particle সাধারণত Verb-এর সঙ্গে থেকেই যায়।
Active: Take care of your health.
Passive: Let your health be taken care of.
Active: All of his friends laughed at him.
Passive: He was laughed at by all of his friends.
Active: Take care of your health.
Passive: Let your health be taken care of.
Active: All of his friends laughed at him.
Passive: He was laughed at by all of his friends.
Agent দেখে Active ও Passive চেনা
Agent and the Choice of Voice
কোনো Verb Active না Passive হবে তা অনেক সময় বাক্যে Agent বা কাজের সম্পাদনকারীর উপস্থিতির ওপর নির্ভর করে।
যদি কর্তা নিজে কাজটি সম্পাদন করে, Active Voice ব্যবহৃত হয়। আর কর্তার ওপর কাজটি সংঘটিত হলে Passive Voice ব্যবহৃত হয়।
উদাহরণ:
Wars are caused by human greed.
A new house is being built at the corner of the road.
যদি কর্তা নিজে কাজটি সম্পাদন করে, Active Voice ব্যবহৃত হয়। আর কর্তার ওপর কাজটি সংঘটিত হলে Passive Voice ব্যবহৃত হয়।
উদাহরণ:
Wars are caused by human greed.
A new house is being built at the corner of the road.
Narration-এর ধারণা
Concept of Narration or Speech
একজন ব্যক্তির বক্তব্য বা উক্তিকে অন্যভাবে উপস্থাপন করার ব্যাকরণগত প্রক্রিয়াকে Narration বা Speech বলা হয়।
কারও বক্তব্য তার নিজের ভাষায় উদ্ধৃতিচিহ্নের মধ্যে উপস্থাপন করলে তা Direct Narration। আর সেই বক্তব্যের অর্থ অপরিবর্তিত রেখে অন্য ব্যক্তির ভাষায় প্রকাশ করলে তা Indirect Narration।
কারও বক্তব্য তার নিজের ভাষায় উদ্ধৃতিচিহ্নের মধ্যে উপস্থাপন করলে তা Direct Narration। আর সেই বক্তব্যের অর্থ অপরিবর্তিত রেখে অন্য ব্যক্তির ভাষায় প্রকাশ করলে তা Indirect Narration।
Direct ও Indirect Narration
Direct and Indirect Speech
Direct Narration-এ বক্তার মূল বক্তব্য সাধারণত Inverted Comma-এর মধ্যে থাকে। Indirect Narration-এ সেই বক্তব্যের অর্থ বজায় রেখে প্রয়োজনীয় Tense, Person, Reporting Verb এবং সময়সূচক শব্দের পরিবর্তন করা হয়।
Direct:
The teacher says, “Tense is the most important part of the English grammar.”
Indirect:
The teacher says that tense is the most important part of the English grammar.
Direct:
The teacher says, “Tense is the most important part of the English grammar.”
Indirect:
The teacher says that tense is the most important part of the English grammar.
Reporting Verb ও Reported Speech
Parts of Direct Narration
Direct Narration সাধারণত দুটি প্রধান অংশে বিভক্ত।
১। Reporting Part
২। Reported Speech
Inverted Comma-এর বাইরে থাকা অংশের Verb-কে Reporting Verb বলা হয়। আর Inverted Comma-এর মধ্যে থাকা বক্তার মূল বক্তব্য হলো Reported Speech।
উদাহরণ:
The teacher says, “Tense is the most important part of the English grammar.”
এখানে says হলো Reporting Verb এবং উদ্ধৃত অংশটি Reported Speech।
১। Reporting Part
২। Reported Speech
Inverted Comma-এর বাইরে থাকা অংশের Verb-কে Reporting Verb বলা হয়। আর Inverted Comma-এর মধ্যে থাকা বক্তার মূল বক্তব্য হলো Reported Speech।
উদাহরণ:
The teacher says, “Tense is the most important part of the English grammar.”
এখানে says হলো Reporting Verb এবং উদ্ধৃত অংশটি Reported Speech।
Narration-এ Tense পরিবর্তন
Sequence of Tenses
Reporting Verb Present বা Future Tense-এ থাকলে Reported Speech-এর Tense সাধারণত পরিবর্তিত হয় না।
Direct: Rahim says, “I am ill.”
Indirect: Rahim says that he is ill.
Direct: Rahim will say, “I am ill.”
Indirect: Rahim will say that he is ill.
Reporting Verb Past Tense-এ থাকলে Reported Speech-এর Tense সাধারণত নিচের নিয়মে পরিবর্তিত হয়।
Direct: Rahim says, “I am ill.”
Indirect: Rahim says that he is ill.
Direct: Rahim will say, “I am ill.”
Indirect: Rahim will say that he is ill.
Reporting Verb Past Tense-এ থাকলে Reported Speech-এর Tense সাধারণত নিচের নিয়মে পরিবর্তিত হয়।
| Direct Narration-এর Tense | Indirect Narration-এর Tense |
|---|---|
| Present Indefinite | Past Indefinite |
| Present Continuous | Past Continuous |
| Present Perfect | Past Perfect |
| Present Perfect Continuous | Past Perfect Continuous |
| Past Indefinite | Past Perfect |
| Past Continuous | Past Perfect Continuous |
উদাহরণ:
Direct: Rahim said, “I am ill.”
Indirect: Rahim said that he was ill.
Direct: Rahim said, “I went to college.”
Indirect: Rahim said that he had gone to college.
Direct: Shifa said, “I was reading attentively.”
Indirect: Shifa said that she had been reading attentively.
Direct: Rahim said, “I am ill.”
Indirect: Rahim said that he was ill.
Direct: Rahim said, “I went to college.”
Indirect: Rahim said that he had gone to college.
Direct: Shifa said, “I was reading attentively.”
Indirect: Shifa said that she had been reading attentively.
Tense পরিবর্তনের ব্যতিক্রম
Exceptions to Backshifting
Reporting Verb Past Tense-এ থাকলেও কিছু ক্ষেত্রে Reported Speech-এর Tense পরিবর্তিত হয় না।
১। Reported Speech যদি Past Perfect Tense-এ থাকে।
২। Reported Speech যদি Past Perfect Continuous Tense-এ থাকে।
৩। একই Reported Speech-এ দুটি কাজ Past Tense-এ ধারাবাহিকভাবে ঘটলে অনেক সময় সেই Past Tense অপরিবর্তিত থাকে।
৪। চিরন্তন সত্য বা Universal Truth প্রকাশ করলে Tense পরিবর্তিত হয় না।
উদাহরণ:
Direct: Rahim said, “I had gone to college.”
Indirect: Rahim said that he had gone to college.
Direct: Shifa said, “I had been reading attentively.”
Indirect: Shifa said that she had been reading attentively.
Direct: The teacher said, “The earth moves around the sun.”
Indirect: The teacher said that the earth moves around the sun.
১। Reported Speech যদি Past Perfect Tense-এ থাকে।
২। Reported Speech যদি Past Perfect Continuous Tense-এ থাকে।
৩। একই Reported Speech-এ দুটি কাজ Past Tense-এ ধারাবাহিকভাবে ঘটলে অনেক সময় সেই Past Tense অপরিবর্তিত থাকে।
৪। চিরন্তন সত্য বা Universal Truth প্রকাশ করলে Tense পরিবর্তিত হয় না।
উদাহরণ:
Direct: Rahim said, “I had gone to college.”
Indirect: Rahim said that he had gone to college.
Direct: Shifa said, “I had been reading attentively.”
Indirect: Shifa said that she had been reading attentively.
Direct: The teacher said, “The earth moves around the sun.”
Indirect: The teacher said that the earth moves around the sun.
Narration-এ Modal Auxiliary পরিবর্তন
Changes of Modal Auxiliaries
| Direct Speech | Indirect Speech |
|---|---|
| can | could |
| may | might |
| will | would |
| shall — First Person | should |
| shall — Second বা Third Person | would |
| must | had to |
উদাহরণ:
Direct: Rahim said, “I may go to college.”
Indirect: Rahim said that he might go to college.
Direct: I said, “I shall go to college.”
Indirect: I said that I should go to college.
Direct: Rahim said, “I must write a letter.”
Indirect: Rahim said that he had to write a letter.
তবে must যদি স্থায়ী বাধ্যবাধকতা, আইন বা সর্বজনীন কর্তব্য প্রকাশ করে, তবে কিছু ক্ষেত্রে Indirect Speech-এ must অপরিবর্তিত থাকতে পারে।
Direct: Rahim said, “I may go to college.”
Indirect: Rahim said that he might go to college.
Direct: I said, “I shall go to college.”
Indirect: I said that I should go to college.
Direct: Rahim said, “I must write a letter.”
Indirect: Rahim said that he had to write a letter.
তবে must যদি স্থায়ী বাধ্যবাধকতা, আইন বা সর্বজনীন কর্তব্য প্রকাশ করে, তবে কিছু ক্ষেত্রে Indirect Speech-এ must অপরিবর্তিত থাকতে পারে।
Narration-এ Word ও Phrase পরিবর্তন
Changes of Time and Place Expressions
| Direct Speech | Indirect Speech |
|---|---|
| this | that |
| these | those |
| now | then |
| here | there |
| ago | before |
| hence | thence |
| thus | so |
| come | go |
| today | that day |
| tomorrow | the next day / the following day |
| yesterday | the previous day / the day before |
| tonight | that night |
| next week | the following week |
| last day | the previous day / the day before |
| last night | the previous night / the night before |
| last week | the previous week |
| last month | the previous month |
come সব ক্ষেত্রে go হয় না। বক্তব্যের দিক বা গন্তব্য অপরিবর্তিত থাকলে come অপরিবর্তিত থাকতে পারে।
this-ও সবসময় that হয় না। this যদি সময় বা নির্দেশসূচক Determiner হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়, তখন that হতে পারে; কিন্তু কোনো Noun-এর নির্দিষ্ট পরিচয় প্রকাশে ব্যবহৃত হলে প্রসঙ্গ অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন নাও হতে পারে।
this-ও সবসময় that হয় না। this যদি সময় বা নির্দেশসূচক Determiner হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়, তখন that হতে পারে; কিন্তু কোনো Noun-এর নির্দিষ্ট পরিচয় প্রকাশে ব্যবহৃত হলে প্রসঙ্গ অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন নাও হতে পারে।
Narration-এ Person পরিবর্তন
Rules of Person Change
Indirect Narration-এ Reported Speech-এর Pronoun পরিবর্তনের জন্য সাধারণভাবে তিনটি নিয়ম মনে রাখা যায়।
১। First Person Reporting Verb-এর Subject অনুসরণ করে।
২। Second Person Reporting Verb-এর Object অনুসরণ করে।
৩। Third Person সাধারণত অপরিবর্তিত থাকে।
উদাহরণ — First Person:
Direct: Shifa said to me, “I will leave London this week.”
Indirect: Shifa told me that she would leave London that week.
উদাহরণ — Second Person:
Direct: Shifa said to me, “You will leave London this week.”
Indirect: Shifa told me that I would leave London that week.
উদাহরণ — Third Person:
Direct: Shifa said to me, “He will leave London this week.”
Indirect: Shifa told me that he would leave London that week.
১। First Person Reporting Verb-এর Subject অনুসরণ করে।
২। Second Person Reporting Verb-এর Object অনুসরণ করে।
৩। Third Person সাধারণত অপরিবর্তিত থাকে।
উদাহরণ — First Person:
Direct: Shifa said to me, “I will leave London this week.”
Indirect: Shifa told me that she would leave London that week.
উদাহরণ — Second Person:
Direct: Shifa said to me, “You will leave London this week.”
Indirect: Shifa told me that I would leave London that week.
উদাহরণ — Third Person:
Direct: Shifa said to me, “He will leave London this week.”
Indirect: Shifa told me that he would leave London that week.
Assertive Sentence-এর Narration
Narration of Statements
Assertive Sentence-এ Reporting Verb say সাধারণত object থাকলে tell-এ পরিবর্তিত হয়। Object না থাকলে said অপরিবর্তিত থাকতে পারে। Comma ও Inverted Comma বাদ দিয়ে that বসে এবং প্রয়োজন অনুযায়ী Tense ও Person পরিবর্তিত হয়।
Direct: Munna said to Zuhan, “I shall come to you tomorrow.”
Indirect: Munna told Zuhan that he would go to him the following day.
Direct: The teacher said, “Man is mortal.”
Indirect: The teacher said that man is mortal.
Direct: Munna said to Zuhan, “I shall come to you tomorrow.”
Indirect: Munna told Zuhan that he would go to him the following day.
Direct: The teacher said, “Man is mortal.”
Indirect: The teacher said that man is mortal.
Interrogative Sentence-এর Narration
Narration of Questions
Interrogative Sentence-এর Narration-এ Reporting Verb say বা said সাধারণত ask-এ পরিবর্তিত হয়। প্রশ্নবোধক বাক্যটি Indirect Speech-এ Assertive order অনুসরণ করে।
Yes/No প্রশ্নে if বা whether ব্যবহৃত হয়।
WH-question থাকলে সেই WH-word সাধারণত অপরিবর্তিত থাকে।
Direct: He said to me, “Can you help me?”
Indirect: He asked me if I could help him.
Direct: He said to me, “How long will you stay here?”
Indirect: He asked me how long I would stay there.
Direct: I said, “Why are you getting wet in the rain?”
Indirect: I asked why he was getting wet in the rain.
Yes/No প্রশ্নে if বা whether ব্যবহৃত হয়।
WH-question থাকলে সেই WH-word সাধারণত অপরিবর্তিত থাকে।
Direct: He said to me, “Can you help me?”
Indirect: He asked me if I could help him.
Direct: He said to me, “How long will you stay here?”
Indirect: He asked me how long I would stay there.
Direct: I said, “Why are you getting wet in the rain?”
Indirect: I asked why he was getting wet in the rain.
Imperative Sentence-এর Narration
Narration of Commands and Requests
Imperative Sentence-এর অর্থ ও ভঙ্গি অনুসারে Reporting Verb order, command, request, advise, ask, tell, beg ইত্যাদিতে পরিবর্তিত হতে পারে।
সাধারণত Comma ও Inverted Comma বাদ দিয়ে to + base verb বসে। Negative Imperative হলে not to + base verb ব্যবহৃত হয়।
Direct: I said, “Do it.”
Indirect: I ordered him to do it.
Direct: I said, “Don't do it.”
Indirect: I ordered him not to do it.
Direct: The man told the officer, “Please help me.”
Indirect: The man requested the officer to help him.
সাধারণত Comma ও Inverted Comma বাদ দিয়ে to + base verb বসে। Negative Imperative হলে not to + base verb ব্যবহৃত হয়।
Direct: I said, “Do it.”
Indirect: I ordered him to do it.
Direct: I said, “Don't do it.”
Indirect: I ordered him not to do it.
Direct: The man told the officer, “Please help me.”
Indirect: The man requested the officer to help him.
Let-যুক্ত বাক্যের Narration
Narration of Sentences with Let
Let-যুক্ত Imperative Sentence সবসময় একইভাবে পরিবর্তিত হয় না। অর্থের ওপর ভিত্তি করে Structure নির্ধারিত হয়।
যদি Let us দ্বারা প্রস্তাব বোঝায়, Reporting Verb সাধারণত propose বা suggest হয়। এরপর that + Subject + should ব্যবহার করা হয়।
Direct: Rana said to me, “Let us go home.”
Indirect: Rana proposed to me that we should go home.
কিন্তু Let দ্বারা অনুমতি বা কোনো কাজ করতে দেওয়ার অর্থ প্রকাশ করলে might বা might be allowed to জাতীয় Structure ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে।
Direct: The boy said, “Let me do it.”
Indirect: The boy said that he might do it.
অথবা
The boy said that he might be allowed to do it.
যদি Let us দ্বারা প্রস্তাব বোঝায়, Reporting Verb সাধারণত propose বা suggest হয়। এরপর that + Subject + should ব্যবহার করা হয়।
Direct: Rana said to me, “Let us go home.”
Indirect: Rana proposed to me that we should go home.
কিন্তু Let দ্বারা অনুমতি বা কোনো কাজ করতে দেওয়ার অর্থ প্রকাশ করলে might বা might be allowed to জাতীয় Structure ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে।
Direct: The boy said, “Let me do it.”
Indirect: The boy said that he might do it.
অথবা
The boy said that he might be allowed to do it.
Optative Sentence-এর Narration
Narration of Wish and Prayer
Optative Sentence-এ ইচ্ছা, আশীর্বাদ, কামনা বা প্রার্থনা প্রকাশ করা হয়। অর্থ অনুযায়ী Reporting Verb say পরিবর্তিত হয়ে wish বা pray হয়।
Comma ও Inverted Comma বাদ দিয়ে that ব্যবহার করা হয় এবং প্রয়োজন অনুযায়ী might বসে।
Direct: The teacher said to me, “May you pass the examination.”
Indirect: The teacher wished that I might pass the examination.
Direct: We said, “Long live Bangladesh.”
Indirect: We wished that Bangladesh might live long.
অথবা
We prayed that Bangladesh might live long.
good morning বা good evening থাকলে wish এবং goodbye বা good night থাকলে bade জাতীয় Verb ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে।
Direct: Raju said, “Good morning, my friends.”
Indirect: Raju wished his friends good morning.
Direct: He said, “Friends, goodbye.”
Indirect: He bade his friends goodbye.
Comma ও Inverted Comma বাদ দিয়ে that ব্যবহার করা হয় এবং প্রয়োজন অনুযায়ী might বসে।
Direct: The teacher said to me, “May you pass the examination.”
Indirect: The teacher wished that I might pass the examination.
Direct: We said, “Long live Bangladesh.”
Indirect: We wished that Bangladesh might live long.
অথবা
We prayed that Bangladesh might live long.
good morning বা good evening থাকলে wish এবং goodbye বা good night থাকলে bade জাতীয় Verb ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে।
Direct: Raju said, “Good morning, my friends.”
Indirect: Raju wished his friends good morning.
Direct: He said, “Friends, goodbye.”
Indirect: He bade his friends goodbye.
Exclamatory Sentence-এর Narration
Narration of Exclamations
Exclamatory Sentence-এর অনুভূতি বুঝে Reporting Verb পরিবর্তিত হয়। আনন্দে exclaimed with joy বা exclaimed in joy এবং দুঃখে exclaimed with sorrow বা grief ব্যবহার করা যেতে পারে।
Hurrah, Alas প্রভৃতি Interjection বাদ যায় এবং বাক্যটি Assertive রূপে পরিবর্তিত হয়।
Direct: He said, “Hurrah! We have won the game.”
Indirect: He exclaimed with joy that they had won the game.
Direct: He said, “Alas! I am undone.”
Indirect: He exclaimed with sorrow that he was undone.
What বা How দিয়ে শুরু হওয়া Exclamatory Sentence-কে Assertive করার সময় adjective-এর আগে very এবং noun-এর আগে great ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে।
Direct: He said, “What a nice bird it is!”
Indirect: He exclaimed in wonder that it was a very nice bird.
Direct: He said, “What a man Nazrul is!”
Indirect: He exclaimed in wonder that Nazrul was a great man.
Hurrah, Alas প্রভৃতি Interjection বাদ যায় এবং বাক্যটি Assertive রূপে পরিবর্তিত হয়।
Direct: He said, “Hurrah! We have won the game.”
Indirect: He exclaimed with joy that they had won the game.
Direct: He said, “Alas! I am undone.”
Indirect: He exclaimed with sorrow that he was undone.
What বা How দিয়ে শুরু হওয়া Exclamatory Sentence-কে Assertive করার সময় adjective-এর আগে very এবং noun-এর আগে great ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে।
Direct: He said, “What a nice bird it is!”
Indirect: He exclaimed in wonder that it was a very nice bird.
Direct: He said, “What a man Nazrul is!”
Indirect: He exclaimed in wonder that Nazrul was a great man.
Vocative Case-এর Narration
Narration with Words of Address
Direct Speech-এ কাউকে সম্বোধন করা হলে সেই সম্বোধিত ব্যক্তি বা শব্দ Indirect Narration-এ সাধারণত Object হিসেবে বিবেচিত হয়। প্রয়োজন অনুযায়ী addressing, calling, thanking ইত্যাদি Verb ব্যবহার করা যায়।
Direct: He said, “Thanks, my friends.”
Indirect: He thanked his friends.
Direct: He said, “Thanks, my friends.”
Indirect: He thanked his friends.
Voice Change ও Narration-এর মৌলিক পার্থক্য
Key Difference between Voice and Narration
Voice Change এবং Narration উভয় ক্ষেত্রেই Sentence-এর Structure পরিবর্তিত হলেও পরিবর্তনের প্রকৃতি এক নয়।
Voice Change-এ প্রধান বিষয় হলো Subject ও Object-এর ভূমিকা বদলানো এবং Verb-কে প্রয়োজন অনুযায়ী Past Participle Form-এ নেওয়া। Active থেকে Passive করার সময় সাধারণত মূল Verb-এর V3 ব্যবহৃত হয়।
অন্যদিকে Narration-এ Direct Speech-কে Indirect Speech-এ রূপান্তরের সময় Reporting Verb, Tense, Person, Pronoun, সময়সূচক শব্দ এবং Sentence-এর ধরন অনুসারে বিভিন্ন পরিবর্তন করা হয়। এখানে মূল Verb-কে বাধ্যতামূলকভাবে Past Participle Form-এ নেওয়ার কোনো সাধারণ নিয়ম নেই।
Reporting Verb Present বা Future হলে Reported Speech-এর Tense সাধারণত অপরিবর্তিত থাকে। কিন্তু Reporting Verb Past হলে নিয়ম অনুযায়ী Tense backshift হতে পারে।
অতএব Voice Change-এর কেন্দ্রবিন্দু হলো কাজের কর্তা ও গ্রহীতার সম্পর্ক, আর Narration-এর কেন্দ্রবিন্দু হলো একজনের বক্তব্য অন্যভাবে উপস্থাপন করা।
Voice Change-এ প্রধান বিষয় হলো Subject ও Object-এর ভূমিকা বদলানো এবং Verb-কে প্রয়োজন অনুযায়ী Past Participle Form-এ নেওয়া। Active থেকে Passive করার সময় সাধারণত মূল Verb-এর V3 ব্যবহৃত হয়।
অন্যদিকে Narration-এ Direct Speech-কে Indirect Speech-এ রূপান্তরের সময় Reporting Verb, Tense, Person, Pronoun, সময়সূচক শব্দ এবং Sentence-এর ধরন অনুসারে বিভিন্ন পরিবর্তন করা হয়। এখানে মূল Verb-কে বাধ্যতামূলকভাবে Past Participle Form-এ নেওয়ার কোনো সাধারণ নিয়ম নেই।
Reporting Verb Present বা Future হলে Reported Speech-এর Tense সাধারণত অপরিবর্তিত থাকে। কিন্তু Reporting Verb Past হলে নিয়ম অনুযায়ী Tense backshift হতে পারে।
অতএব Voice Change-এর কেন্দ্রবিন্দু হলো কাজের কর্তা ও গ্রহীতার সম্পর্ক, আর Narration-এর কেন্দ্রবিন্দু হলো একজনের বক্তব্য অন্যভাবে উপস্থাপন করা।
- He said that he — the previous day.
- has come
- had come
- came
- arrived
- Choose the correct indirect speech of— She asked me, “Are you happy in your new job?”
- She asked me if I was happy in my new job.
- She asked me if I have been happy in my new job.
- She asked me whether I am happy in my new job.
- She asked me if I had been happy in my new job.
- “I’ll have a cup of tea,” my father said, “Because I’m not hungry.” Which one is the correct indirect speech?
- My father said that he will have a cup of tea because he wasn’t hungry.
- My father said that he would have had a cup of tea because he wasn’t hungry.
- My father said that he would have a cup of tea because he wasn’t hungry.
- My father said that he had a cup of tea because he wasn’t hungry.
- Choose the correct direct speech of— She told us to hurry up.
- He said, “Do hurry up.”
- She said to us, “Hurry up.”
- She told, “Hurry up.”
- She said us, “Hurry up.”
- Choose the correct direct speech of— He requested that he might be allowed to come in.
- He asked, “Let me allow to come in.”
- He said, “Let me come ins.”
- He said, “May I come in?”
- He requested me, “Let him allowed to come in.”
- Choose the correct indirect speech of— He said to me, “Let us go home together.”
- He urged me to go home with him.
- He proposed to me to go home together.
- He proposed to me that we should go home together.
- He asked me to go home together.
- Which one is the correct narration: He said, “Do the work.”
- He said that do the work.
- He asked to do the work.
- He requested doing the work.
- He told doing the work.
- Which one is correct: He said to me, “May you be happy.”
- He told that I might be happy.
- He reported that I might be happy.
- He said that I might be happy.
- He wished that I might be happy.
- Which one is the correct indirect speech of: Anis said, “I must write a letter.”
- Anis said that he must write a letter.
- Anis said he had to write a letter.
- Anis said that he had to write a letter.
- Anis said he must write a letter.
- The teacher said to me, “May you pass the examination.” Its indirect form is—
- The teacher prayed I could pass the examination.
- The teacher wished that I may have passed the examination.
- The teacher wished that I might pass the examination.
- The teacher prayed that I might have passed the examination.
- He said to me, “How did you do?” The indirect speech of this sentence is—
- He enquired of me how I had done it.
- He said to me if I had done it.
- He said to me that I had done it.
- He enquired of me if I had done it.
- He said to me, “Do you like music?” The indirect speech of this sentence is—
- He said if I like music.
- He asked me do I like music.
- He asked to me if I like music.
- He asked me if I liked music.
- Choose the correct indirect speech of— He said to me, “What do you want?”
- He said to me what I want.
- He told me what I wanted.
- He asked me what I want.
- He asked me what I wanted.
- Which one is the correct indirect speech of: You said to me, “You do not do your duty.”
- You told me that I do not do my duty.
- You said to me that I did not do my duty.
- You said to me that I do not do my duty.
- You told me that I did not do my duty.
- Asad said to me, “I want to go to school now.” The indirect speech of this sentence is—
- Asad said to me that he wanted to go to school now.
- Asad said to me that he wanted to go to school then.
- Asad told me that he wanted to go to school then.
- Asad told me that he wants to go to school then.
- Abid said to me, “I was ill.” The indirect speech of this sentence is—
- Abid said to me that he was ill.
- Abid told me that he had been ill.
- Abid told me that I had been ill.
- Abid told me that he has been ill.
- Abul said, “I was busy.” The indirect speech of this sentence is—
- Abul said that I was busy.
- Abul said that he was busy.
- Abul said that I had been busy.
- Abul said that he had been busy.
- Choose the correct indirect speech of— Farida said, “I shall go to school.”
- Farida said that she would go to school.
- Farida said that she will go to school.
- Farida told that she went to school.
- None of these.
- “He asked me where I had gone the previous day.” The direct speech of this sentence is—
- He said to me, “Where did you go yesterday?”
- He asked to me, “Where did you go yesterday?”
- He said to me, “Where you went yesterday?”
- He said to me, “Where did I go yesterday?”
- The indirect speech of this sentence— He said to his friends, “Let us play now.” is—
- He requested to his friends that they should play then.
- He proposed to his friends that they would play then.
- He proposed to his friends that they should play then.
- He proposed to his friends that we should play then.
- The indirect speech of this sentence— “He said, ‘What a pity!’” is—
- He said that it was a great pity.
- He exclaimed that it is a great pity.
- He exclaimed that it was a great pity.
- He exclaimed that it is great pity.
- Nafisa said, “I must write a letter.” The indirect speech of this sentence is—
- Nafisa said that she had to write a letter.
- Nafisa said that she had been to write a letter.
- Nafisa said that she has to write a letter.
- None of these.
- He said, “Which book do you want?” The indirect speech of this sentence is—
- He said to me which book I wanted.
- He said to me which book I have wanted.
- He asked to me which book I wanted.
- He asked me which book I wanted.
- Anwar said, “What a fool I am!” The indirect speech of this sentence is—
- Anwar said that he is a great fool.
- Anwar told that he has been a great fool.
- Anwar exclaimed that he was a great fool.
- Anwar told that he had been a great fool.
- “He asked me when the next letter would come.” The direct speech of this sentence is—
- He said to me, “When would the next letter come?”
- He asked me, “When will the next letter come?”
- He said to me, “When will the next letter come?”
- He said to me, “When the next letter will come?”
- He said, “Alas! I am undone.” The indirect speech of this sentence is—
- He said with grief that he is undone.
- He said with sorrow that he has undone.
- He exclaimed with sorrow that he was undone.
- He exclaimed with sorrow that he were undone.
- He said to me, “May Allah bless you.” The indirect speech of this sentence is—
- He wished that Allah might bless him.
- He wished to me that Allah might bless him.
- He wished that Allah might bless me.
- He prayed that Allah might bless him.
- Choose the correct indirect speech of— He said, “Do the work.”
- He said that do the work.
- He asked to do the work.
- He requested doing the work.
- He told doing the work.
- Choose the correct indirect speech of— She asked me, “Are you happy in your new job?”
- She asked me if I was happy in my new job.
- She asked me if I have been happy in my new job.
- She asked me when I am happy in my new job.
- She asked me if I had been happy in my new job.
- Choose the correct indirect speech of— He said to me, “Where were you born?”
- He told me where I was born.
- He asked me where I was born.
- He asked me where I had been born.
- He asked me where I had born.
- You said to me, “Would you help me, please?” In indirect speech the sentence is—
- You said to me, would you help me.
- You asked me if I would help you kindly.
- You said me if I would help me.
- You said to me, you would help me.
- The correct indirect speech of— The teacher said to the students, “Do not neglect your studies.” is—
- The teacher told his students not to neglect their studies.
- The teacher ordered his students that they might not neglect their studies.
- The teacher advised his students not to neglect their studies.
- The teacher told his students that they should not neglect their studies.
- The indirect speech of this sentence: I said to him, “Excuse me, sir.” is—
- I begged him to excuse me.
- I said to excuse me.
- I told him to pardon me.
- I told him to excuse me.
- Choose the correct indirect speech of— He said, “I finished reading the book.”
- He said that he finished reading the book.
- He said that he had finished reading the book.
- He said that he have had finished reading the book.
- He said that he finished to have read the book.